Amphibians

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Amphibians Reptiles

• Part ONE

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Discuss the major characteristics of
amphibians and reptiles. Discuss the major
groups of amphibians and reptiles used for pets.
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Amphibian groups 1. Live the larval part of
their life in water, but the adult part is either
entirely or partially on land.
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Salamander Larvae
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2. Amphibians are cold blooded animals that do
not have scales, but have thin, moist skin that
allows them to breathe through the skin by
osmosis.
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3. Amphibians usually need to stay in a moist
environment (depending on skin thickness).
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4. Do not have teeth, but crush their prey with
their jaws and swallow it whole. -
Smaller species live off insects, but larger
species can feed on mice and small rodents.
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Tree frog eating a bat!
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5. Skin produces a mucus that regulates the
moisture and produces a toxin that serves
as protection against predators. Some frogs
produce toxins that can be deadly to humans.
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6. Three orders of Amphibians a. Gymnophiona
caecilians that are worm-like, rarely seen
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b. Caudara newts and salamanders c. Salientia
frogs and toads
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7. Newts and salamanders vary considerably among
the nine families. They range in size from a few
inches to 5 feet. They usually have long tails
and four legs. Examples are
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Hellbender a salamander that may reach 1 ½
feet in length and lives in fast moving mountain
streams of the Central and Eastern United States.
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hellbender
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http//www.youtube.com/watch?vZQapVOPQmvc
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Japanese giant salamander May reach 5 feet and
weigh 200 pounds.
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Japanese Giant
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Spotted and Tiger salamander Commonly called
mole salamanders, these salamanders burrow in
decaying, damp soil and usually smaller than 10 "
long.
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Newts spend most of their time in water because
of their thin skin. They are able to regenerate
damaged parts of their body.
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Red spotted newt
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Congo eel Amphibians with tapered heads and
rounded, long bodies ranging in size from 18" to
46". Inhabit swamps and muddy water of the
southern U.S..
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Mud puppies have rather a broad, flattened head.
Their bodies may reach 18 long and taper to a
flattened tail.
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Red salamander also called the lungless
salamander as it absorbs oxygen directly through
blood vessels in its skin and throat.
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Siren is an eel-like amphibian that lives in
freshwater. They are distinctive in that they
have no rear legs.
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B. Frogs and toads- have 4 legs and no tail.
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1. Frogs have slender bodies and longer legs that
allow them to jump much farther than toads.
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http//www.youtube.com/watch?vuTJAsZP2iLk
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In addition, frogs skin is usually more moist
and they make croaking sounds that toads do not
make.
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vfuXjNuKV_RY
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a. True frogs range in size from 1/2" to 14"
long. The American Bullfrog and Green Frog are in
this group. They are excellent jumpers and
swimmers.
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Bullfrog
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Green frog
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http//www.youtube.com/watch?v1hAUWw7L3BY
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2. Toads have dry skin and a rough
appearance. They often emit a poison from their
skin that irritates the mouth of would be
predators.
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a. American Toad common to the eastern United
States.
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• b. Green Tree Frog- yellow green frog with a
  yellow stripe running from its lower jaw back
  along its side.

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Red eyed tree frog
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PAGE 235
C. Reptiles
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1. There are four orders of reptiles which
include a. Turtles and tortoises May walk on
land, but are excellent swimmers as well.
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b. Snakes Have no legs and move by undulating
movement. Snakes do not have eyelids and cannot
close their eyes, but have a transparent layer
called brille that covers the eyes.
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See the Brille?
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• Characteristics common to all snakes
• forked tongue
• carnivore lifestyle
• limbless body
• cylindrical shape
• extremely flexible
• scaly skin
• cold blooded

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They have only one fully functional lung it is
one-third the length of the snake.
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They have no urinary bladder instead they
excrete through the cloaca, along with solid
waste, a pasty yellow substance called uric acid.
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Snakes have skin embedded with scales. The
scales are made of keratin, the same substance
fingernails are made of.
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The purpose of scales serve is to protect the
snake's skin, enable serpentile locomotion, and
minimize water loss.
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c. Iguanas and lizards Have long tails, 4 legs,
moveable eyelids, and ear openings.
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d. Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gharials
Can lift its body off the ground when moving.
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Caimans are found primarily in Central and South
America. There are many types of caiman, the most
"popular" being the spectacled caiman (Caiman
sclerops).
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Dwarf Caiman- Common in pet industry
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Crocodiles can be found all over the world, here
in the United States we have one type of
crocodile, the American Crocodile (crocodylus
acutus). Reach lengths up to 20 feet!
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Croc-long tapered snout
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What is the difference?
crocodile
alligator

• Different families
• Jaw shape alligators have wide U shaped jaw
• Placement of teeth alligators have wider upper
  jaws and overlap the bottom jaw

alligator
crocodile
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2. Some examples of turtles and tortoises
include a. Musk turtles so named because of the
strong odor smell they give off.
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All musk turtles have 2 pairs of musk glands
beneath the border of the carapace.
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musk
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b. Yellow-bellied turtle- Dark green turtle with
yellow plastron and yellow markings behind the
eyes. Reaches 9 to 12 inches in length.
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• The plastron is the nearly flat part of the shell
  structure of a turtle or tortoise, what one would
  call the belly

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Yellow bellied SLIDER
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c. Red-bellied turtle Reach 9 to 15 inches long
and have a reddish-colored plastron.
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• d. Painted turtles
• Brightly colored turtles.

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Painted turtle
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Painted plastron
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e. Common Box Turtle Rarely enter the water
over a few inches deep. Adults are usually 4 to 5
inches in length and may live 50 years.
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Box turtle
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Why is a box turtle called such? A hinge in the
middle of the plastron allows them to tightly
lock their head, limbs, and tail inside their
shells, forming a "box".
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Female tortoise is flat, male tortoise is concave
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WOW! Alligator snapping turtlehttp//www.youtube
.com/watch?vrIeL0g8GpXM
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Soft shell turtle

• Some species can grow up to 6 feet in length and
  weigh more than 110 pounds
• Rubbery skin with ribs fused together to form a
  protective layer over its internal organs.
• Spends 95 percent of its life hidden in sand or
  mud with only its eyes and nose showing.

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Tortoise

• Land dwelling, no water terrestrial
• Carapace is more high and dome-like
• Heavily scaled limbs

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Galapogos tortoise
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Male tortoises have extended plastrons