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Human Factors in the Organization of SAR Services

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The fastest, most effective and practical way to achieve this ... Enlightenment, sensitivity and humility must be the cornerstones of global SAR development. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Human Factors in the Organization of SAR Services


1
Human Factors in the Organization of SAR Services
  • International Civil Aviation OrganizationAir
    Traffic Management SectionAir Navigation Bureau

2
THE GLOBAL CONCEPT
  • ICAO Goal To provide a world-wide SAR system
    that will provide assistance to all persons in
    distress regardless of nationality or
    circumstance
  • The fastest, most effective and practical way to
    achieve this goal is to develop regional systems
    associated with each ocean area and continent.

3
INTERNATIONAL AERONAUTICAL AND MARITIME SAR
(IAMSAR) MANUAL
  • expounds
  • SHARED USE of ASSETS, and
  • COOPERATION, between
  • government industry,
  • civilian and military,
  • aeronautical maritime,
  • ATC SAR.

4
  • Some States have special challenges.

5
Regionalization provides
  • standardized services,
  • avoidance of duplication,
  • access to shared,
  • more plentiful assets, and
  • wider coverage at
  • contributory cost.

6
ICAO UNIVERSAL SAFETY OVERSIGHT AUDIT
PROGRAMME
  • Many administrations lack an appropriate
    legislative framework, including
  • basic civil aviation law,
  • appropriate regulations,
  • procedures, documentation and
  • guidance material

7
Still deeper shortcomings..
  • There is a lack of
  • qualified and experienced technical personnel
  • .adequate certification and licensing systems
    and
  • .authorities to oversee regulate service
    providers and resolve safety issues.

8
lack of commitment by governments is resulting
in...
  • an inability to recruit retain staff,
  • job insecurity,
  • low staff morale, and
  • lack of adequate support staff, equipment and
    facilities.

9
AUDIT/EVALUATION FINDINGS
  •   MOST OUTSTANDING NEEDS
  • air law
  • regulations
  • operational documents
  • committees of management
  • letters of agreement
  • equipment
  • experienced qualified staff,
  • training
  • regulatory oversight.

?
10
RISK!
  • that some States interests may be paid too
    little regard.
  • Enlightenment, sensitivity and humility must be
    the cornerstones of global SAR development.
  • The challenge is to provide for minimum system
    requirements while preserving national identity,
    sovereignty and cultural distinction.

11
Culture affects Communication.
  • beliefs and attitudes affect ones interaction
    with others, that is,
  • how we talk to them,
  • how we delegate,
  • how we accept orders,
  • how we negotiate differences of opinion,
  • how decisions are made,
  • how risks are evaluated, and
  • other aviation-related issues

12
To design an effective SAR operations training
course
  • requires
  • the development of a communication training
    course
  • to include a segment on inter-cultural
    communication
  • or
  • there will be serious risk of failure.

13
regional air traffic control system
  • will be dependent upon
  • 1. New technology,
  • 2. New procedures, and
  • 3. New practices
  • and the effectiveness of the way humans and
    machines interact.

14
Optimising the human operator/ environment
relationship
  • 1. by altering aspects of human behaviour to meet
    the demands of a particular task
  • 2. by altering aspects of the environment to meet
    the particular needs of the operator

15
  • Human SOVEREIGNTY
  • in the RCC

16
Human-centred approach
  • ...provides the operator with automated
    assistance that saves time and effort.
  • The operators task is supported, not managed, by
    computing machinery.

17
HUMAN OPERATORS
  • ..are the ultimate integrators of system
    elements
  • This dependence is unlikely to decrease
  • and may increase in unanticipated ways, so ...
  • UNDERSTAND AND ACCOUNT FOR HUMANS!

18
issues of an institutional and legal nature
  • SAR is already ahead of the game with highly
    effective, consensual arrangements for the
    Cospas-Sarsat system.

19
Technology
  • changes role of workers from hands on to
    thinkers and controllers and
  • introduces new realm for error.
  • Cause effect
  • are more difficult
  • to find out.

20
Two kinds of ACCIDENTS
  • INDIVIDUAL ACCIDENTS
  • ...the greater number
  • ORGANIZATIONAL ACCIDENTS
  • rare
  • can be catastrophic in complex industries
  • recently identified
  • product of technical innovations.

21
The events in an accident chain
  • are difficult to discern ahead
  • of time therefore difficult to
  • control frequently obscured
  • by time, tradition the
  • common-place BUT there is
  • a logic to them, and
  • safety can be enhanced
  • by timely adjustments.

22
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23
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24
We are more driven...
  • ...to produce than protect.
  • We have more productive skills than protective.
  • To produce is more amenable to our professional
    natures.

25
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26
LAYERS OF DEFENCE
  • to create understanding and awareness
  • to give clear guidance
  • to provide alarms and warnings
  • to restore the system
  • to interpose safety barriers
  • to contain and eliminate the hazards
  • to provide the means of escape and rescue

27
SOFT APPLICATIONS
  • PAPER AND PEOPLE
  • legislation,
  • regulatory surveillance,
  • rules and procedures,
  • training,
  • drills and briefings,
  • administrative controls,
  • licensing certification,
  • supervisory oversight and
  • front line work force.
  • RELEVANT TO SAR

28
LAYERS OF DEFENCE
  • to create understanding and awareness
  • to give clear guidance
  • to provide alarms and warnings
  • to restore the system
  • to interpose safety barriers
  • to contain and eliminate the hazards
  • to provide the means of escape and rescue

29
CONCLUSIONS
  • 1. An arrangement of several regional
    organizations could provide essential elements
    beyond the capacity of individual States
  • 2. Barriers safeguards must be set in place
    they must be comprehensive mutually supportive.

30
LATENT FAILURES
  • DELUSIVE because they seem INNOCUOUS BENIGN
  • imprecise procedures,
  • shortfalls in training,
  • inadequate equipment,
  • bad strategic decisions by regulators,
    organizational managers or international
    organizations

31
CHERNOBYL
  • Valeri Legaslov After being at Chernobyl, I
    drew the unequivocal conclusion that the accident
    was the summit of all the incorrect running of
    the economy which had been going on in our
    country for many years.

32
Close attention needs to be paid to
  • legislation,
  • regulatory surveillance,rules and
    procedures,documentation,training,administrativ
    e controls,operator proficiency standards,
  • supervisory oversight.

33
A safe and effective SAR system in Asia- and the
world
  • International Civil Aviation OrganizationAir
    Traffic Management SectionAir Navigation Bureau
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