Using and Configuring Storage Devices

1
Using and Configuring Storage Devices

• Guide to Operating Systems
• Third Edition

2
Objectives

• After reading this chapter and completing the
  exercises you will be able to
• Understand basic disk drive interface
  technologies
• Compare the different types of CD-ROM and DVD
  storage
• Explain the differences between a storage area
  network (SAN) and network attached storage (NAS)

3
Objectives (continued)

• Discuss various removable storage options
• Describe tape drive options and their advantages
  and disadvantages
• Briefly discuss storage management options in
  different operating systems

4
Disk Storage Options

• Briefly discuss various storage technologies
• Most computers arrive with
• 3.5-inch floppy drive
• high-density floppy or Zip disk
• hard drive
• CD-ROM or DVD drive

5
Hard Drive Interfaces

• Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)
• most popular hard drive interface

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Hard Drive Interfaces (continued)

• Master
• the first or main drive
• Slave
• secondary storage device

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Hard Drive Interfaces (continued)

• Three 40-pin header connectors
• Enhanced IDE (EIDE)
• transfer speeds as high as 22 megabits per second
• Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
• fast interface
• 8 to 16 devices

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Hard Drive Interfaces (continued)
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Hard Drive Interfaces (continued)

• Platters, heads, tracks, and sectors per track
  vary widely from hard disk to hard disk
• EIDE and SCSI provide ways for the controllers to
  communicate with the disk

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Hard Drive Interfaces (continued)

• Disk geometry
• information about the hard disk
• configuration
• Storage capacity
• few megabytes to several gigabytes

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Basic and Dynamic Disks

• Basic disk
• physical hard drive
• primary partitions, extended partitions, or
  logical drives
• Dynamic Disks
• volumes that span multiple disks
• fault tolerant disks

12
RAID Arrays

• Redundant Array of Inexpensive Drives (RAID)
• RAID arrays
• increased reliability
• increased storage capacity
• increased speed

13
RAID Arrays (continued)

• Different levels of RAID focus on different
  purposes
• RAID is implemented as a combination of hardware
  and software

14
CD-ROM and DVD

• Optical rather than magnetic technology
• compact disc-read only memory (CD-ROM)
• digital versatile disc (DVD)

15
Compact Disk (CD) Technology

• Use a big spiral that starts at the inside of
  the disk and winds itself to the outside of the
  disc

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Compact Disk (CD) Technology (continued)

• Rotated by a precision motor that keeps the disc
  speed constant
• Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
• bits encoded in it as other disks do
• error correction bits encoded on the disc

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Digital Video Disc (DVD) Technology

• Works like the CD-ROM
• Two sides with up to two layers per side
• Laser light is reflected
• DVD has a spiral that moves from the middle of
  the disk to the outside like a conventional
  CD-ROM, but also has a second layer

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Recordable and Rewritable CD and DVD

• CD-R and DVD-R
• record data once on the media, and then it can be
  read many times
• R stands for recordable
• CD-RW and DVD-RW can
• write on the media thousands of times
• RW stands for rewritable

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Recordable and Rewritable CD and DVD (continued)
20
CD-ROM and DVD-ROM Interfaces

• Connected using a hard disk interface
• EIDE interface with SCSI as a close second
• Drivers for CD-ROM and DVD-ROM built in

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Connecting Drives

• Connect as hard disks
• EIDE or SCSI
• USB
• FireWire
• Make sure you have the drivers

22
Network Storage

• Storage Area Networks (SANs) for
• backups
• disaster recovery
• availability of data
• SANs connect servers and storage systems without
  sending data over the corporate network
• Use Fibre Channel fabric

23
Network Storage (continued)
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Network Storage (continued)

• Network Attached Storage (NAS) for
• directly attach to a local area network
• work with multiple operating systems
• use LAN rather than a Fibre Channel

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Network Storage (continued)
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Removable Disks and Mobile Storage

• Removable disks are hard disks with a twist
• The first group of drives are those that use
  flexible magnetic disks such as Zip disks
• The second group consists of drives that use hard
  platters such as Castlewoods ORB drives

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Removable Large-Capacity Floppy Drives

• The Zip drive is addressed like a hard disk
• storage capacity of 100 or 750 MB
• external and internal varieties with printer
  port, SCSI, EIDE, or USB connections

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Removable Rigid Cartridges

• Castlewood Systems, Inc. makes the ORB 2.2 GB and
  the ORB 5.7 GB drives
• The ORB drives come in
• EIDE, SCSI, USB, and FireWire models

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Mini USB Drives

• Mini or thumb drives
• use USB port
• Plug and Play
• 64 MB to 1 GB
• Table 6-2 shows storage devices and capacities

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Mini USB Drives (continued)
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Tape drives

• Used to back up large volumes of data
• Popular for long term storage
• Tape media capacities

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DAT Drives

• Digital Audio Tape drives
• use 4-mm tapes
• digital data storage (DDS) tapes
• DDS-4 capacity 20 Gb (40 Gb compressed)
• backward compatible with other DDS tapes

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DLT and SDLT Drives

• Digital Linear Tape drives
• use half-inch wide tapes
• 128 to 208 tracks
• DLT-III tapes are 10 GB (20 GB compressed)
• used in automated tape backup systems

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DLT and SDLT Drives (continued)

• Super Digital Linear Tape drives
• magnetic and optical recording methods
• 160 Gb (320 Gb compressed)
• up to 640 Mb (1.28 Tb compressed)
• 1.2 Tb (2.4 Tb compressed) to be released in 2006
  or 2007

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AIT and S-AIT Drives

• Advanced Intelligent Tape or Super Advanced
  Intelligent Tape drives
• erasable memory chip in cartridge
• 35/90 Gb to 500 Gb/1.3 TB
• good for 500,000 hours of operation

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LTO Drives

• Linear Tape Open drives
• high-end server market
• 100 Gb cartridge with 16 Mbps transfer rate
• 1.6 Tb with 320 Mbps transfer rate planned for
  future

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Windows Removable Storage Options

• Introduced in Windows 2000
• Tracks tapes, CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs, optical disks
• Figure 6-6 shows the Removable Storage section
  under Computer Management in Windows 2000

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Windows Removable Storage Options (continued)
39
Storage Management Tools

• OS tools and commands to manage storage devices
• See the Hands-on Projects for step-by-step
  instructions

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Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003

• Use Windows Disk Management snap-in tool
• view and manage hard disks
• see Figure 6-7

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Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003 (continued)
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UNIX/Linux

• Managing, formatting, and partitioning disks
• fdisk
• format
• sfdisk
• cfdisk

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UNIX/Linux (continued)

• Mount a file system
• mount
• User Mount Tool

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UNIX/Linux (continued)

• GNOME-based Hardware Browser

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NetWare 6.x

• Novell Storage Services (NSS)

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Mac OS X

• Disk Utility
• repair the disk using the First Aid option
• erase the contents
• partition and format the disk
• set up RAID
• restore a disk image or volume

47
Mac OS X (continued)
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Summary

• Conceptual overview of how operating systems
  interface with storage devices
• Storage technologies such as hard disk drives,
  RAID arrays, CD-ROMs, and DVD drives
• Removable storage devices such as Zip disk and
  ORB drivers

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Summary (continued)

• Storage are networks (SANS) and network attached
  storage (NAS)
• Tape drive options such as DAT, DLT SDLT AIT,
  S-AIT, and LTO drives

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Summary (continued)

• Storage management tools
• disk management
• disk defragmenter
• event viewer
• Performance Logs and Alerts