Title: ANATOMY%20OF%20SAMPLING%20STUDIES%20OF%20ECOLOGICAL%20RESPONSES%20THROUGH%20TIME%20{on%20the%20web%20at%20http://www.oregonstate.edu/instruct/st571/urquhart/anatomy/index.htm}
1ANATOMY OF SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL
RESPONSES THROUGH TIMEon the web at
http//www.oregonstate.edu/instruct/st571/urquhart
/anatomy/index.htm
- by
- N. Scott Urquhart
- Oregon State University, USA
- and
- Anthony R. Olsen
- US EPA
2THE AUTHORS
- N. SCOTT URQUHART
- Trained in Statistics
- About 40 Years of Experience in Applications
- Worked With Ecologists in Desert, Arctic, Pacific
Northwest - Many Surveys with Rural Sociologists and Ag
Economists - Including 10 years with EPAs Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) - ACADEMIC And AGENCY PLANT And ANIMAL
- ANTHONY (Tony) R. OLSEN
- Trained in Statistics
- 30 Years of Experience in Private and
Government Applications - Worked With Atmospheric Modelers And Air
Pollution Field Scientists - Survey Experience With Health Professionals And
Large-scale National Resource Monitoring - Now Statistical Lead with EPAs EMAP
3EVOLUTION OF THE ANATOMY
- The first step in the development of the ANATOMY
focused on experimental design situations. - Served as the structure for several part-semester
courses in advanced statistical methods at New
Mexico State University - Eventually published as
- Urquhart, N. S. (1981). Anatomy of a study.
HortScience 16621-627. - Experience with EMAP led to its expansion to
surveys
4TODAYS CONTEXT for SURVEYS
- EMAP-type Situations EMAP US EPAS
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Program - Estimate Status, Changes ... In
Indicators - Estimate Status, Changes, ... In Extent
- Describe Associations ...
5Objective 1 Estimate the status, changes and
trends in selected indicators of the condition of
our Nation's ecological resources
on a regional scale
on a regional scale
with known confidence
with known confidence
17.6
10
6.8
31.8
6
8
43.8
12
(N258)
Source EMAP Northeast Lakes Study
6Objective 2 Estimate the status, changes and
trends
in the extent and geographic coverage of our
Nation's
ecological resources on a regional scale with
known
confidence
Adir Adirondacks NEU New England Uplands
C/L/P Coast Lake Plains
Source EMAP Northeast Lakes Study
7 Source EMAP Mid-Atlantic Highlands Assessment
8WHO MUST COMMUNICATE
- Ecologists Other Biologists
- Statisticians
- Geographers
- Geographic Information Specialists (GIS)
- Information Managers
- Quality Assurance Personnel
- Managers, At Various Levels
9SAMPLING
- A WORD OF MANY MEANINGS
- Statisticians Often Associate It With Survey
Sampling - An Ecologist May Associate It with the
Selection of Local Sites or Material - A Laboratory Scientist May Associate It With
the Selection Of Material to be Analyzed
from Material Supplied - Common General Meaning, Varied Specific
Meanings
10THE SPECIAL NEED
- Communication Demands a Distinction Between
- The Local Process of Evaluating a Response,
and - The Statistical Selection of a Sampling Unit,
- For example,
- A LAKE
- A POINT ON A STEAM
11THE SPECIAL NEED - continued
- The Terms
- Response Design
- Sampling Design or Survey Design
- Can Be Used to Make this Distinction
- But a Complex Ecological Survey Clearly
Has More Parts Than These!
12BASIC ROLES
- Survey Design Tells Us Where to Go to
Collect Sample Information or Material - Response Design Tells Us What to Do Once
We Get There - But These Two Components Exist in a Broader
Context
13AN IMPORTANT DISTINCTION
- Monitoring Strategy
- Conceptual
- Impacted by Objectives
- Addressable Without Regard to the
Inference Strategy - Inference Strategy
14AN IMPORTANT DISTINCTION- continued
- Monitoring Strategy
- ..........
- Inference Strategy
- Places to Evaluate the Response the WHERE
- Relation Between Points Evaluated and the
Population - IE, the Basis for Inference
15SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE
- Monitoring Strategy
- Universe Model
- Statistical Population
- Domain Design
- Response Design
- Inference Strategy
- Survey Design
- Temporal Design
- Quality Assurance Design
16SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE
- MONITORING STRATEGY
- Universe Model
- Statistical Population
- Domain Design
- Response Design
- INFERENCE STRATEGY
- Survey Design
- Temporal Design
- Quality Assurance Design
17The MONITORING STRATEGY
- The MONITORING STRATEGY MUST RESPOND TO
- Monitoring Objectives
- State of Knowledge in Ecological Sciences
- Characteristics of Ecological Resource(s) of
Interest - EXPECTED FUNDING Compared To COSTS
- Operational Constraints
18SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE
- MONITORING STRATEGY
- Universe Model
- Statistical Population
- Domain Design
- Response Design
- INFERENCE STRATEGY
- Survey Design
- Temporal Design
- Quality Assurance Design
19The UNIVERSE MODEL
- Reality (Universe) Ecological Entity
Within a Defined Geographic Area to Be Monitored - Model of the Universe
- Development of a Monitoring Approach Requires
Construction of a Model for the Universe - Elements Of The Universe Model Set of
Entities Composing The Entire Universe
20The UNIVERSE MODEL
- Population Description and Its
Sampling Require Definition of the Units in
the Population - Discrete Units
- Lakes May Be Viewed This Way
- Continuous Structure in Space of
Some Dimension - 2-space forests or agroecosystems
- 1-space Streams
- 3-space Ground Water
21THE MODEL FOR STREAMSStrahler Orders
Third Order
22SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE
- MONITORING STRATEGY
- Universe Model
- Statistical Population
- Domain Design
- Response Design
- INFERENCE STRATEGY
- Survey Design
- Temporal Design
- Quality Assurance Design
23The STATISTICAL POPULATION
- The Collection of Units (as modeled) Over
Some Region of Definition - Spatial
- Temporal
- SPATIAL And TEMPORAL
- Population Definition Could Include Features
Which Depend on Response Values - EX acid sensitive streams at upper elevations
24SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE
- MONITORING STRATEGY
- Universe Model
- Statistical Population
- Domain Design
- Response Design
- INFERENCE STRATEGY
- Survey Design
- Temporal Design
- Quality Assurance Design
25The DOMAIN Design
- Specifies Subpopulations or Domains of
Special Interest - May Specify Meaningful Comparisons
Between Domains - Similar to Planned Comparisons in Experimental
Design Situations - Domain Design May Depend on Response Values
- Ex Warm Versus Cold Water Lakes
26The DOMAIN DESIGN - continued
- Specifies Subpopulations or Domains
of Special Interest - Determined From Defining Factors For The
Monitoring Activity - Must Have Critical Connection To Clients
- Other Domains May Be Used For Analysis,
Without Having Been Used In Defining The
Monitoring Strategy - EX EMAP domains include ECOAREAS and
STANDARD FEDERAL REGIONS
27SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE
- MONITORING STRATEGY
- Universe Model
- Statistical Population
- Domain Design
- Response Design
- INFERENCE STRATEGY
- Survey Design
- Temporal Design
- Quality Assurance Design
28The RESPONSE Design
- The Response Design Specifies
- The Process Of Obtaining A Response
- At An Individual Element (Site)
- Of The Resource
- During A Single Monitoring Period
- Response What Will Be Determined On An
Element - Needs To Be Responsive to the Objectives of
the Monitoring Activity
29The RESPONSE Design - continued
- EMAP Responses Focus On Indicators of
- STRESS and
- Condition
- The Response Design Also Defines
- Plot Design
- Measurement Protocols
- Support Region area around the site where
material is collected, or measurements are taken - Data Reduction Protocols
- Calculation Of The Final Indicator Value for
the Element
30The RESPONSE Design- Continued
- For example, consider a response related to
macroinvertebrates in streams - RESPONSE proportion EPT (This is the
proportion of collected macrobenthos
organisms, mainly insects, which fall in the
taxonomic classes of Ephemeroptera ,
Plecoptera , or Trichoptera. Low values
indicate polluted streams high values indicate
rather pristine streams)
31The RESPONSE Design - continued - 2
- ... response related to macrobenthos ...
- The COLLECTION UNITS could be 10 30cm x
30cm areas, systematically organized, at the
stream site, sampled with a Surber sampler - The EVALUATION UNIT could be a jar containing
the composite of all macroinvertebrate organisms
collected at the 10 collection sites, or - The EVALUATION UNIT also could be a jar
containing a 1/6 subsample of the composite of
macroinvertebrate organisms collected in the
10 collection units.
32The RESPONSE Design - continued - 3
- ... response related to macrobenthos ...
- The LABORATORY EVALUATION of the material
would consist of determining and recording
the taxa (like family, genus, or species) of
each organism in the evaluation material - The RESPONSE would be determined by
computing the number of organisms in the
evaluation material belonging to the E, P, T
taxonomic classes, and dividing this by the
number of organisms classified.
33SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE
- MONITORING STRATEGY
- Universe Model
- Statistical Population
- Domain Design
- Response Design
- INFERENCE STRATEGY
- Survey Design
- Temporal Design
- Quality Assurance Design
34The INFERENCE STRATEGY
- Is The Basis For Scientific Inference
- Provides The Connection Between Objectives and
the Monitoring Strategy - Monitoring Strategy Usually Must Rely on
Obtaining Information on a Subset Of All
Possible Elements in the Universe - Specifies Which Elements of the Universe Will
Have Responses Determined on Them - Can Be Based On Either ... (continued )
35The INFERENCE STRATEGY(continued)
- ... Connection ...
- ... Subset ...
- ... Have Responses
- Can Be Based On Either
- Judgment Selection Of Units
- Inferential Validity Rests on Knowledge Of
Relation Between the Universe And the Units
Evaluated - Probability Selection Of Units
- (The Focus Here)
36SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE
- MONITORING STRATEGY
- Universe Model
- Statistical Population
- Domain Design
- Response Design
- INFERENCE STRATEGY
- Survey Design
- Temporal Design
- Quality Assurance Design
37The SURVEY Design
- Probability Based Survey Designs Are
Considered Here - May Be Somewhat Limited To Sedentary Resources
- Positive Features (As An
Observational Study) - Permit Clear Statistical Inference to
Well-Defined Populations - Measurements Often can be Made in Natural
Settings, Giving Rise to Greater Realism
Eventual Results
38The SURVEY DESIGN - CONTINUED
- Disadvantages
- Limited Control Over Values of Predictor
Variables - Restricts Causative Inference
- Usually Will Produce Inaccessible Sampling
Points - Good - For Inference
- Bad - For Logistics
39The SURVEY DESIGN - CONTINUED
- Execution of a Sampling Plan Requires
- A Sampling Frame
- A way to identify elements in the population
- Usually somewhat inaccurate for ecological
resources - Example selecting vegetation sites along the
Colorado River in the Grand Canyon
40VIEW DOWN TRANSECT AT MILE 12.3
41CLIFF AT MILE 135.2(PARTIAL HEIGHT)
42The SURVEY DESIGN - CONTINUED
- Execution of a Sampling Plan Requires
- A Sampling Frame
- A way to identify elements in the population
- Usually somewhat inaccurate for ecological
resources - Example selecting vegetation sites along the
Colorado River in the Grand Canyon - Example Frame for selecting field sites on
streams in the Western US
43FRAME ERRORSTO BE DOCUMENTED SHORTLY
- Water Body Size
- Flow Status -- re Perennial
- Identified As Perennial, but not correct
- Wastes Effort Of Field Crews
- Identified as Non-perennial, but Really
is Perennial - Missed Resource
- Inaccurate Assessment
44EMAP-West Stream/river Length(km 95 CI)from
Peck, et al (2002) - EMAP symposium
45EMAP-West Stream/river Length(km 95 CI)from
Peck, et al (2002) - EMAP symposium
46EMAP-West Stream/river Length(km 95 CI)from
Peck, et al (2002) - EMAP symposium
47The SURVEY DESIGN - CONTINUED
- Execution of a Sampling Plan Requires
- A Sampling Frame
- A way to identify elements in the population
- Usually somewhat inaccurate for ecological
resources - Example selecting vegetation sites along the
Colorado River in the Grand Canyon - Example Frame for selecting field sites on
streams in the Western US - May change over time
- As, for example, land use changes
48SITE SELECTION
- Needs to Accommodate Realities Such As
- Frame Imperfection
- Frame Which Changes Over Time
- Sites nearly Uniform Over the Resource
- But with substantial randomization
- Supports Variable Probability of Selection
- Generalized Randomized Tessellation Stratified
Sampling GRTS - The topic of the next session
49The EMAP SURVEY Design
- Assures Representation and Inference
to Populations - Adapted to Resource Characteristics
- Emphasizes Spatial Allocation of Samples
- Uses Two-phase Sampling Phase I
- Based on a Randomized Point Grid and
Associated Areas
50EMAP EXAMPLE OF SELECTED SITES
- Mid-Appalachian Highlands Stream Pilot
51(No Transcript)
52EMAP EXAMPLE OF SELECTED SITES
- Western Stream Pilot
- Non-perennial/perennial survey
- Survey of perennial streams
53(No Transcript)
54SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE
- MONITORING STRATEGY
- Universe Model
- Statistical Population
- Domain Design
- Response Design
- INFERENCE STRATEGY
- Survey Design
- Temporal Design
- Quality Assurance Design
55The TEMPORAL Design
- The TEMPORAL DESIGN specifies the pattern
of revisits to sites selected by the Survey
Design - Sampled population units are partitioned into
one (degenerate case) or more PANELS. - Each population unit in the same panel has the
same temporal pattern of revisits. - Panel definition could be probabilistic or
systematic - Several temporal designs follow
56TEMPORAL DESIGNROTATING PANEL
57TEMPORAL DESIGNROTATING PANEL
- A ROTATING PANEL DESIGN IS THE TEMPORAL
DESIGN USED BY THE NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL
STATISTICAL SERVICE (US - NASS) - THIS TEMPORAL DESIGN IS CONNECTED IN THE
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SENSE - IT IS FAIRLY WELL SUITED FOR ESTIMATION STATUS,
BUT NOT NEARLY PARTICULARLY POWERFUL FOR
DETECTING TREND OVER INTERMEDIATE TIME SPANS
58TEMPORAL DESIGNSERIALLY ALTERNATING
- THIS TEMPORAL DESIGN IS UNCONNECTED IN
THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SENSE. THIS WAS THE
TEMPORAL DESIGN INITIALLY PRESCRIBED FOR
EMAP, BUT ...
59TEMPORAL DESIGNAUGMENTED SERIALLY ALTERNATING
- THIS TEMPORAL DESIGN IS CONNECTED IN THE
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SENSE
60TEMPORAL DESIGNPARTIALLY AUGMENTED SERIALLY
ALTERNATING
- THIS TEMPORAL DESIGN IS CONNECTED IN THE
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SENSE
61TEMPORAL DESIGNSERIALLY ALTERNATINGWITH
CONSECUTIVE YEAR REVISITS
- THIS TEMPORAL DESIGN IS CONNECTED IN THE
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SENSE - BUT IT PROVIDES VISITS TO ONLY HALF AS MANY
SITES AS THE BASE SERIALLY ALTERNATING DESIGN
62TEMPORAL DESIGN SPLIT PANELSERIALLY
ALTERNATINGPLUS SERIALLY ALTERNATING WITH
CONSECUTIVE YEAR REVISITS
- THIS TEMPORAL DESIGN IS CONNECTED IN THE
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SENSE
63TEMPORAL DESIGN SPLIT PANELSERIALLY
ALTERNATINGPLUS SERIALLY ALTERNATING WITH WITHIN
YEAR AND CONSECUTIVE YEAR REVISITS THE TEMPORAL
DESIGN IN USE BY EMAP - SURFACE WATERS
64THE REVISIT SPLIT PANEL OF THE THE TEMPORAL
DESIGN IN USE BY EMAP - SURFACE WATERS
65TEMPORAL DESIGN SPLIT PANELSERIALLY
ALTERNATINGPLUS SERIALLY ALTERNATING WITH WITHIN
YEAR AND CONSECUTIVE YEAR REVISITS THE TEMPORAL
DESIGN IN USE BY EMAP - SURFACE WATERS
- THIS TEMPORAL DESIGN IS CONNECTED IN
THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SENSE - IT ALSO SUPPORTS ESTIMATION OF THE
SITE by TIME PERIOD (SITE by YEAR)
INTERACTION - REVISITS TO ABOUT 10 OF SITES ALLOCATES
ABOUT 30 OF RESOURCES TO REVISITS
66TEMPORAL DESIGN SPLIT PANELSERIALLY
ALTERNATINGPLUS SERIALLY ALTERNATING WITH WITHIN
YEAR AND CONSECUTIVE YEAR REVISITS THE TEMPORAL
DESIGN IN USE BY EMAP - SURFACE WATERS
- THIS TEMPORAL DESIGN IS CONNECTED IN
THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SENSE - IT ALSO SUPPORTS ESTIMATION OF THE SITE by
TIME PERIOD (SITE by YEAR) INTERACTION - WE WILL RETURN TO THIS MATTER AFTER WE
CONSIDER THE QUALITY ASSURANCE DESIGN. - REVISITS TO ABOUT 10 OF SITES ALLOCATES
ABOUT 30 OF RESOURCES TO REVISITS
67SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE
- MONITORING STRATEGY
- Universe Model
- Statistical Population
- Domain Design
- Response Design
- INFERENCE STRATEGY
- Survey Design
- Temporal Design
- Quality Assurance Design
68QUALITY ASSURANCE DESIGN
- Defines Those Activities Intended to Provide
Data of Known Quality - Blind duplicates
- Accepted chemical standards, Etc
- Can Provide Valid Estimates of the Variance
of Pure Measurement Error
69RELEVANT COMPONENTS OF VARIANCE FOR EMAP
- POPULATION LAKE or STREAM, for example
- YEAR -
- YEAR by SITE -
- CREW -
- SHORT TERM TEMPORAL - index window -
- PROTOCOL ERROR -
- MEASUREMENT ERROR -
70RELEVANT COMPONENTS OF VARIANCE FOR EMAP
- WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO ESTIMATE THESE?
- WHICH ONES SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN RESIDUAL
VARIANCE - WHICH TREND MUST OVERCOME TO BE DEMONSTRATED?
71COMPARISONS TO USUAL PERSPECTIVES OF FINITE
POPULATION SAMPLING
- UNIVERSE MODEL (AS DISTINCT FROM THE
UNIVERSE) - NOT RELEVANT
- VIEWED AS A LIST
- POPULATION
- VERY SIMILAR, OTHER THAN DIFFERENCES
IMPLICIT IN THE UNIVERSE MODEL
72COMPARISONS TO USUAL PERSPECTIVES OF FINITE
POPULATION SAMPLINGcontinued
- DOMAIN DESIGN
- USUALLY NOT EXPLICITLY ACKNOWLEDGED, BUT
VIEWED AS PART OF THE DESIGN PROCESS - RESPONSE DESIGN
- QUESTIONNAIRE CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN
- SOME ELEMENTS OF INTERVIEW PROTOCOLS
- SURVEY DESIGN
- RELATIVELY SIMILAR
73COMPARISONS TO USUAL PERSPECTIVES OF FINITE
POPULATION SAMPLINGcontinued - 2
- TEMPORAL DESIGN
- PRESENT, BUT
- MANY FINITE POPULATION SURVEYS ARE ONE-TIME
- MANY LARGE SURVEYS HAVE A TEMPORAL
DIMENSION - CHANGE USUALLY IS OF FAR MORE INTEREST THAN
TREND - SURVEY LITERATURE DISTINGUISHES BETWEEN
- GROSS CHANGE - follows units across time
- NET CHANGE - recognizes that change can occur
in both the response and in who is in the
population
74COMPARISONS TO USUAL PERSPECTIVES OF FINITE
POPULATION SAMPLINGcontinued - 3
- QUALITY ASSURANCE DESIGN
- SURVEYS OF HUMANS (OR BUSINESSES, ETC) HAVE A
VERY SIMILAR INTENT, BUT DETAILS DIFFER
SUBSTANTIALLY - SUPERVISION IN PHONE SURVEYS
- QUESTIONS TO CONFIRM RESPONDENT CONSISTENCY
- REINTERVIEWS and SIMILAR REEVALUATIONS
75SAMPLING STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES THROUGH
TIME HAVE
- MONITORING STRATEGY
- UNIVERSE MODEL
- STATISTICAL POPULATION
- DOMAIN DESIGN
- RESPONSE DESIGN
- INFERENCE STRATEGY
- SURVEY DESIGN
- TEMPORAL DESIGN
- QUALITY ASSURANCE DESIGN
76LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
- Links to various monitoring programs,
- To the programs site
- One to its methods, and
- One to a current report.
- As links change in an unpredictable fashion,
- The search words should provide a quick path
to the current link. - Speaker on this program representing that program
77LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)
- Adelaide Coastal Waters Study
- Program sitehttp//www.environment.sa.gov.au/epa
/acws.htmlhttp//www.clw.csiro.au/acws/ (more
technical of the two) - Current Reporthttp//www.environment.sa.gov.au/e
pa/pdfs/acwsnewsno5.pdf - Methods http//www.clw.csiro.au/acws/IS1.html
- Search words adelaide coastal waters study
acws au - Speaker David Fox, University of Adelaide
78LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)
- Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Program (ABMP)
- Program site http//www.abmp.arc.ab.ca/
- Current Report http//www.abmp.arc.ab.ca/AnnualR
eport2003.pdf - Methods http//www.abmp.arc.ab.ca/ScienceProtocol
s.htm - Search words alberta biodiversity monitoring
program abmp ca - Speaker None, unfortunately
79LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
(EMAP) - Program site http//www.epa.gov/emap/
- Current Report http//www.epa.gov/maia/html/maha.
html - Methods http//www.epa.gov/emap/html/pubs/docs/g
roupdocs/surfwatr/field/ws_abs.html - Search words epa environmental monitoring
assessment program emap epa - Speaker here Tony Olsen
80LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)
- Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA)
- Program site http//fia.fs.fed.us/
- Current Report http//www.fs.fed.us/research/sust
ain/ (for example) - Methods http//fia.fs.fed.us/FIAProgramInformati
on.htm (accessible at this link) - Search words forest inventory analysis FIA USDA
- Speaker here Mike Williams
81LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)
- National Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS)
- Program site http//www.usda.gov/nass/
- Current Reports http//www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/cat
alog2004.pdf - Research http//www.nass.usda.gov/research/SERS
.htm - Search words national agricultural statistical
service nass - Speaker here Carol House
82LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)
- National Park Inventory and Monitoring Program
- Program site http//science.nature.nps.gov/im/in
dex.htm - Current Reports http//science.nature.nps.gov/im/
reports.htm - Methods http//science.nature.nps.gov/im/standar
ds.htm - Search words national park monitoring natural
resources nps im - Speaker here Steve Fancy
83LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)
- National Resources Inventory( NRI)
- Program sitehttp//www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/N
RI/ - Current Reporthttp//www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical
/land/nri02/ - Methodshttp//www.statlab.iastate.edu/survey/nri
/NusserandGoebel - Search words national resources inventory
web path nrcs to technical to NRI - Speakers here Wayne Fuller Jeff Goebel
84LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)
- National Wetlands Inventory (NWI)
- Program site http//wetlands.fws.gov/
- Current Reporthttp//training.fws.gov/library/Pu
bs9/wetlands86-97_highres.pdf - Methods documented in above report
- Search words national wetlands inventory
- Speaker here Tom Dahl
85LINKS TO MONITORING REPORTS/DOCUMENTATION
(Continued)
- LEARNING MATERIALS RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL
SAMPLING - (From a course at Oregon State University)
- ST571http//oregonstate.edu/instruct/stat/urquhar
t/st571/index.htm