Psychoanalysis

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Psychoanalysis

• Chapter 2

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Background

• Founder Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
• Grew up in Vienna then migrated to London
• A medical doctor, and a psychiatrist
• Workaholic
• A prolific writer
• Neurotic symptoms

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Highlights of Freuds Background

• Studied with famous neurologist, Charcot
  Hysteria and hypnosis
• Together with Joseph Breuer, the first doctors to
  do talk therapy for treating psychological
  disorders
• 1986 for the first time used the word
  psychoanalysis
• Revised his theory many times
• His theory controversial but influential
• Interpretation of Dreams Self analysis

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Highlights of Freuds Background

• Laid the foundation for the profession of
  psychology and the practice of psychotherapy
• Cancer of jaw
• Terminated his life using a lethal dose of
  morphine
• Anna, his youngest daughter, as his intellectual
  successor

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Basic Philosophy

• --------------- view of human nature
• Behaviour a production of conflicts between
  --------------------------------------------------
  -------------
• Kids are sexual beings have --------------------
  --------------------------------------------------
  --
• Personality is determined

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Basic Philosophy (cont.)

• Psychopathology results from conflicts among
  --------------------------------------------------
  --------
• Illusion of a psychic freedom
• Emphasizing the power of the unconscious
• Unconscious is evident in ----------------------

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Human Motivation

• Instincts of self-preservation, sex, destruction
• Instinctual unconscious urges are not acceptable
  by the society and the conscious mind

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Central ConstructsInstinct Theory

• Innate instinctual urges, resulting from
  evolutionary heritage
• Two instincts
• Eros (
• Libido
• At birth-------------------------
• Fixation of libido is a result of-----------------
  -----
• Trauma can lead to the regression
• Thanatos

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Central Constructs Instinct Theory (cont.)

• Urges must be expressed, so that
• Instincts can be expressed through

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Central ConstructsTopographic Model

• Called also the Iceberg approach
• Unconscious thought
• Subconscious
• Conscious thought

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Central Constructs Iceberg Approach
Conscious
Unconscious
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Central Constructs Id

• Unconscious
• Instincts psychical energy

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Central Constructs Ego

• Mediating between id superego
• Partly conscious

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Central Constructs Superego

• Ego-ideal
• Conscienceness
• Controlling/inhibiting the id
• The internalization of

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Central ConstructsRepression

• Pushing unacceptable material to the
  unconscious.and keeping it there!

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Central Constructs Symptoms as Symbols

• Symptoms represent
• Psychic conflict
• Symptoms serve
• The purpose of sexual gratification for the
  patient

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Central Constructs Defence Mechanisms

• Unconscious material is threatening to break into
  the conscious mind
• ? Anxiety signals this threat

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Central Constructs Defence Mechanisms

• Repression
• Displacement
• Denial
• Rationalization
• Identification/with the aggressor
• Projection
• Reaction formation
• Sublimation
• Regression

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Theory of the Human Development
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Theory of the Human Development

• Oedipus complex
• Electra complex
• Castration anxiety
• Penis envy

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Theory of the Human Development

• Fixation (if ----------------) E.g.,

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Health Dysfunction

• Freuds ideas are based on his patients
• Most of his patients were a very narrow sample of
  clients

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Health Dysfunction

• Healthy people
• Able to love and work
• minimal level of ---------

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Health Dysfunction

• Dysfunctional people
• Unresolved unconscious conflicts, especially
  conflicts with Oedipal nature
• Dysfunction arises ------------
• Activating ---------------

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Health Dysfunction

• Dysfunction
• --------- as the basis of dysfunction
• Three types of anxiety
• Neurotic Anxiety
• Moral Anxiety
• Realistic Anxiety
• The most important anxiety in Freuds work

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Health Dysfunction

• Types of Dysfunction
• Hysteria
• Phobias
• Obsessive compulsive neurosis
• Psychoses

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Health Dysfunction

• Types of Dysfunction
• Depression
• Melancholia
• Mourning

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Health Dysfunction

• Good clients Able to work through unconscious
  conflicts

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Nature of Therapy

• Assessment
• Important in psychoanalysis
• Freud Informal approaches to doing assessment
• 1st stage
• 2nd stage
• The most suitable clients
• Contemporary psychoanalysis

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Nature of Therapy

• Therapeutic Atmosphere
• The purpose
• Hypnosis
• Catharsis, or emotional expression
• Therapist
• Analytic couch, and the analyst sitting behind it
• Freud primary analytical technique
• Revealing everything that comes to the mind, even
  if seems unimportant or nonsense

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Nature of Therapy

• Role of Counselor Client
• Counsellor
• The therapist decides ----------------------------
  -
• Like a surgeon
• The psychoanalyst should first undergo analyses
  themselves

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Nature of Therapy

• Goal
• Redirecting energy to conscious processes
• ?Reduce ----------
• ?Strengthening ------------
• Symptom removal is
• The ultimate goal is

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Process of TherapySome Important Concepts

• The counselor teaches the client to think in
  psychoanalytic terms
• Resistance
• Transference

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Process of TherapySome Important Concepts

• Counter-transference
• Should be resolved by seeking the aid of a
  professional consultant

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Process of TherapyPhases of Therapy

• Opening Phase
• Development of Transference
• Working Through
• Resolution of Transference

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Phases of TherapyOpening Phase

• Face-to-face sessions
• Lasts 3 to 6 months

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Phases of Therapy Development of Transference

• Transference begins to happen
• Client starts to transfer her feelings associated
  with past significant others to the therapist

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Phases of Therapy Working Through

• Repeated and more elaborate analysis of the
  transference
• Client becomes more confident about the
  relationship between her current thoughts,
  feeling, and behviour and her past

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Phases of Therapy Resolution of Transference

• Analyst decides that client has insight into
  her/his conflicts and the transference process
• Then a date is set for termination of therapy
• At this stage a ----------------------------------
  --
• This event is then analyzed by therapist client
• New memories are raised and interpreted
• Therapy ends

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Therapeutic Techniques

• Few but powerful techniques
• Free Association ----------------
• Interpretation (---------------------------
• Premature interpretation leads to resistance, so
  it should be avoided
• At early stages concerns -----------------
• At later stages --------------------------
• The client should finally see that her bahaviour
  is based on -------------

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Therapeutic Techniques

• Analysis of resistance, e.g., -------------------
• The symptoms begin to disappear and the client
  thinks she is getting well
• Dream Analysis
• Manifest latent content of dream
• See page 55 of textbook for meaning of some
  symbols

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Therapeutic Techniques

• Analysis of Transference
• Start interpretations with the -------------------
  -------
• Early transference is often ----------------------
  -
• Later on transference become ---------------------
  --
• Showing to the client that these feelings are
  rooted in the past
• Transference pops up again and again in the
  relationship, and needs to be resolved
• Called working through

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Related Links Journal

• Journal Journal of psychoanalysis
• American Psychoanalytic Association
  http//apsa.org
• International Psychoanalytic Association
  http//www.ipa.org.uk
• www.psychematters.com/papers.html