Over View Of The Kidneys By Hannah, Jo and Chris

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Over View Of The KidneysBy Hannah, Jo and Chris
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The kidneys are responsible for removing wastes from the body, regulating electrolyte balance and blood pressure, and the stimulation of red blood cell production.
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1 Anatomy

• Man has two kidneys.
• They are bean-shaped organs, located lateral to
  the spine "behind" the abdominal cavity.
• The right kidney is situated a bit lower than the
  left, because the liver pushes it down.
• At left, the spleen, an organ filled with blood
  of about four inches, pushes against the kidney.

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2 Kidneys

• Due to the function of the kidneys it is
  necessary for them to be allowed a large supply
  of blood.
• That is the reason why large blood vessels
  connect them to the main arteries and veins,
  which in turn run directly to and from the heart.
• To avoid damage to the kidneys, for example in
  an accident, each one is bedded in fatty tissue
  acting as a shock absorber.
• Furthermore, both kidneys are protected from the
  outside world by strong muscles and ribs at the
  back, and the abdomen with its muscle at the
  front.
• Because the kidney contains so much blood,
  bleeding is a major hazard when it gets injured.

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3 Functions

• The kidneys will take care of waste (water and
  other stuff) disposal from our body.
• All the liquids that you swallow will be absorbed
  by the bowels and gets into your body.
• If it is then discovered that there is too much
  of it, the surplus is transported via the blood
  to the kidneys to leave the body as urine.
• The kidneys are very efficient at this and will
  completely clean all blood in less than an hour.
• This means that one kidney is sufficient for a
  normal life - even one half of a normal kidney
  would be enough to allow for sufficient waste
  disposal.

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Can you name the main function of the kidneys?
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Cells Within the Kidneys
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12 Cells within the kidney.
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Here are some more cells found within the kidney
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4 Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

• Juxtaglomerular apparatus specialized cells
  containing secretory granules, located in the
  tunica media of the afferent glomerular
  arterioles major structural component
  responsible for the release of rennin play a
  major role in renal auto regulation.
• A complex of cells consisting of Juxtaglomerular
  cells, extraglomerular mesangium lacis cells, the
  macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule, and
  granular epithelial peripolar cells.
• Juxtaglomerular cells are modified smooth muscle
  cells found in the walls of afferent glomerular
  arterioles and sometimes the efferent arterioles.
  
• Extraglomerular mesangium lacis cells are located
  in the angle between the afferent and efferent
  glomerular arterioles. Granular epithelial
  peripolar cells are located at the angle of
  reflection of the parietal to visceral angle of
  the renal corpuscle.

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3. Picture of a Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
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5 Glomerular Mesangium

• Glomerular mesangium The thin membrane which
  helps to support the capillary loops in a renal
  glomerulus.
• It is connective tissue composed of mesangial
  cells - myofibroblasts phenotypically related to
  vascular smooth muscle cells (MUSCLE, SMOOTH,
  VASCULAR), PHAGOCYTES and the mesangial
  EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.
• Glomerular mesangium The thin membranous
  structure supporting the adjoining glomerular
  capillaries. It is composed of GLOMERULAR
  MESANGIAL CELLS and their EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.

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4 Glomerular Mesangium
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6Podocyte

• Podocyte cells of the visceral epithelium that
  closely invest the network of glomerular
  capillaries in the kidney.
• Podocyte Highly differentiated epithelial cells
  of the visceral layer of BOWMAN CAPSULE of the
  KIDNEY.
• They are composed of a cell body with major CELL
  SURFACE EXTENSIONS and secondary finger like
  extensions called pedicels.
• They enwrap the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS capillaries
  with their cell surface extensions forming a
  filtration structure.
• The pedicels of neighbouring Podocyte
  interdigitate with each other leaving between
  them filtration slits that are bridged by an
  extracellular structure impermeable to large
  macromolecules called the slit diaphragm, and
  provide the last barrier to protein loss in the
  KIDNEY.

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5 Podocyte
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7 Mesangial Cell

• Mesangial cell Smooth muscle-like cells adhering
  to the wall of the small blood vessels of the
  KIDNEY at the glomerulus and along the vascular
  pole of the glomerulus in the JUXTAGLOMERULAR
  APPARATUS.
• They are myofibroblasts with contractile and
  phagocyte properties. These cells and their
  MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX constitute the
  GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM.

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6 Mesangial Cell
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Now hopefully you have been paying attention . So
now can you match the cells with the pictures.
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1.Mesangial Cell
2.Podocyte
3. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
4.Glomerular Mesangium
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References For Writing

• 1, 2 3 http//www.purchon.com/biology/kidney.htm
  
• 4,5,6 7 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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References For Pictures

• www.lib.mcg.edu/.../section7/7ch03/7ch03p17.htm
• www.lib.mcg.edu/.../section7/7ch03/7ch03p17.htm
• www.bu.edu/histology/p/16010ooa.htm
• www.nature.com/.../v56/n6/full/4491150a.html
• www.med.mun.ca/anatomyts/renal/akid3.htm
• www.ndt-educational.org/ferrariomgp.asp