Developmental Psychology

1
Developmental Psychology

• Ch 10, 11, 12

2
Developmental Psychology

• Developmental Psychology- branch of psychology
  that studies physical, cognitive, and social
  change throughout the lifetime
• Maturation- automatic, orderly, sequential
  process of physical and mental development
• Relatively unaffected by experience
• Growth Cycles- orderly patterns of development
• By age 8, 95 of the brain structure is complete
  but only 55 of the bodily structure is complete
• Girls have a faster growth cycle and mature
  earlier

3
Infancy

• Newborns prefer human voices and faces
• Newborns prefer the sound and smell of their
  mother
• Newborns become bored with repeated stimulus but
  their attention renews with new stimulus

Preferred -gt
4
Infancy

• Babies as young at 3 months can learn that
  kicking and moving will move a mobile
• Development begins with reflexes
• If you place your finger in the palm of an infant
  they will grasp it
• Reflexes go away over time as the brain begins to
  make decisions

5
Infancy

• Critical Period- specific period of development
  that is the only time when a particular skill can
  develop or a particular association can occur
• For dogs it is the first 12 weeks
• Imprinting- biological process in which young
  species follow and become attached to their
  mother
• Attachment- emotional tie with another person
• Separation Anxiety- infants and young children
  show distress when removed from caregiver
• Birds accept almost anything as a mother
• http//www.videodetective.com/movie_trailer/FLY_AW
  AY_HOME/trailer/P00006650.htm

6
Harry Harlow Monkey Experiment

• Harry Harlow made 2 mothers
• One was made of wire, hard, cold but had milk
• The other was made of cloth, soft, fuzzy- but did
  not have milk
• Monkeys preferred the soft mother, even though
  she did not have what was needed for survival
• http//video.google.com/videoplay?docid2364883146
  140025008

7
Infancy

• If learning during the critical period is missed,
  humans may not acquire this knowledge throughout
  the rest of their lives
• Humans and animals need constant amounts of touch
  during this time period
• Children in orphanages in 3rd world countries
• Feral Children- children reared by animals
• Genie Case Study

8
Childhood

• Nuclear Family- parents and their children
• Extended Family- nuclear family plus relatives
  (grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins)
• Parenting Styles Permissive, Authoritarian,
  Authoritative
• Permissive- parents let children do whatever they
  want, few rules made/enforced
• Creates impulsive and irresponsible children
• Authoritarian- parents rigidly set rules and
  demand obedience
• Creates children who have low self esteem and can
  not make decisions
• Authoritative- parents seek input from children,
  parents are consistent yet flexible
• Creates self-reliant and self-confident children

9
Childhood

• Parenting Styles Skit

10
Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development

• Jean Piaget
• Cognitive Development- ways in which thinking and
  reasoning grow and change
• Created 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
• Children must progress through each stage of
  development

11
(No Transcript)
12
Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development

• Object Permanence- awareness that things continue
  to exist even when not perceivable (visible)
• Conservation- the idea that an objects
  characteristics can be changed while others
  remain the same
• Changing shape does not change volume
• 2 pieces of the same clay, roll one into a long
  cylinder, leave the other in a sphere shape they
  are still the same mass/size

13
(No Transcript)
14
Piagets Stages of Cognitive Dev Cont

• Schema- framework to organize information
• Assimilation- interpreting ones new experience
  in terms of existing schemas
• Accommodation- adapting ones schemas to
  incorporate new information (make a new schema)
• Ex. Dogs and Cats
• All animals with 4 legs are dogs, see a cat, call
  it a dog
• Cats are not dogs so must make a new schema for
  cats
• Now they see a squirrel and say cat
  (assimilation) until they make a new schema for
  squirrels (accommodation)

15
Kohlbergs Ladder of Moral Development

• Lawrence Kohlberg
• 3 Levels- move from bottom to top
• Preconventional Level- 1st stage, morality is
  based on the power of an outside authority
• Conventional Level- 2nd stage, morality is based
  on the expectations of others
• Postconventional Level- 3rd stage, morality is
  based on personal ethics and human rights

16
Adolescence

• Adolescence- period of development between
  childhood and adulthood

17
Eriksons Theory of Social Development

• Erik Erikson developed a theory regarding how we
  develop socially (personality)
• 8 stage theory that goes from birth to death
• Obstacles at each stage you must overcome or you
  can not move on to the next stage
• Battle between group identity and alienation for
  adolescence

18
Eriksons Stages of Social Development
19
Eriksons Stages of Social Development
20
Marcias Stages of Identity Development

• James Marcia
• 4 Stages of Identity Development for adolescents
• Do not have to hit each stage or progress in a
  certain way through stages

21
Marcias Stages of Identity Development
Identity Achievement Identity Foreclosure
Adolescent is not currently searching and has developed an identity Figured out on their own who they are Adolescent is not currently searching but has developed an identity Accepting what others have told them as who they are
Identity Moratorium Identity Diffusion
Adolescent is currently searching but has not developed an identity Will figure out who they are after searching Adolescent is not currently searching and has not developed an identity Does not care to figure out who they are
22
Adulthood

• Early Adulthood (20-39)
• Main things
• Marriage (and possibly divorce)
• Starting a family and having kids
• Maintaining a career
• Middle Adulthood (40-59)
• Main things
• Midlife transition
• Physical decline
• Menopause
• Empty Nest Syndrome

23
Adulthood

• Late Adulthood (60 and up)
• Main things
• Physical decline (heart problems, stroke, cancer)
• Reaction time and mental sharpness decline
  (dementia and Alzheimer's)
• Retirement and isolation (perhaps
  institutionalized)
• Bereavement and grief

24
Death and Dying

• Thanatology- study of death
• Grief Cycle- 5 step process developed by
  Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
• Must move through all stages to properly grieve
• DABDA
• Denial- do not believe, in shock
• Anger- mad at self, others, God
• Bargaining- usually with God
• Depression- sadness, unable to talk about it or
  deal with it
• Acceptance- able to accept death and talk about
  it or deal with it