Title: SUSTAINABLE URBAN DESIGN CONCEPT FOR TSUNAMI RISK AREA CASE STUDY : TOWN IN THE SOUTHWEST COAST ACEH REGION
1SUSTAINABLE URBAN DESIGN CONCEPT FOR TSUNAMI
RISK AREA CASE STUDY TOWN IN THE SOUTHWEST
COAST ACEH REGION
BY Nurlisa Ginting and Achmad Delianur Nasution
2Sustainable Development
- Sustainable development is development that
meets the needs of the present without
jeopardizing the ability of future generation to
meet their own needs World Comission on
Environmental and Development (Brundtland
Comission, 1987).
3Sustainable Urban Design
- Nine principle for sustainable society
- Respect and care for community of life
- Improve the quality of human life
- Conserve the Earths vitality and diversity
- Minimize depletion on renewable resources
- Keep within the Earths carrying capacity
- Change personal attitudes and practices
- Enable communities to care for their own
environments - Provide an international framework for
integrating development and coservation - Create global alliance
4Objective of Urban Design
- The purpose of Urban Design (Spreiregen 1985)
- To make the extend of the city comprehensible
- To make the city human
- To relate urban forms to natural settings
- To weave new centers into the urban fabric
- To complement the monumental with the mundane
- To complement the urban with nature
- To create key focal sites
- To make the city a harbor of Diversity
5Tsunami Guiding and Preventing Principles
- Recognize the risk of tsunami
- Avoid new development in the affected areas to
reduce the future victims - Arrange new development in the affected areas and
minimizing the loss of damage in the future. - Plan and build the new building in reducing the
damaged. - Protect developed areas from the Tsunami affected
with the reconstruction, redesign and reoccupied. - Special prevention needed in arranging and
redesign of the infrastructure and public
facility to reduce the damaged. - Evacuation Planned
6Natural Dimension of Urban Design
- McHarg (1989), Lewis, and other eloquent
exponents of the environment planning movement
have brought into focus the evolving philosophy
that ecological processes provide indispensable
basis for planning and design. - The dependence of one life process on another
the interconnected development of living and
physical process of earth, climate, water,
plants, and animals the continuous
transformation and recycling of living and
non-living materials these are the elements of
the self-perpetuating biosphere that sustain life
on earth and which give rise to the physical
landscape. They become the central determinants
of form for all human activities on the land. - The Form Follow Function principle could not
be the sole basis for environmental design.
Today, Design with Nature principle is part of
design practices which is more appropriate to the
evolvement process of nature.
7Human Dimension of Urban Designin Tsunami Risk
Area
- The concept of modern lifestyle which is
based on moral code of Islam, is one among
concepts mentioned by Prof. Ghani Salleh from
University Sains Malaysia in the Urban Recovery
After Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster seminar on
January 29, 2005 which was organized by
Architecture Program of Postgraduate School of
University of North Sumatera.
8Physical Dimension of Urban Designin Tsunami
Risk Area
- City Shape
- A number of City Shape Concepts for areas
which is in jeopardy of tsunami - - Redeveloping new town in the area of low
possibility to be hit by tsunami wave, for
example in remote areas from sea coast, in
highland areas , or in wall-surrounded areas. - Creating natural barrier to tsunami waves that
physically could be mangrove trees or strong
plants. - Applying Compact city shape by an intensive and
high integrated land use which could also prevent
natural destruction extensively, at once.
9Physical Dimension of Urban Design in Tsunami
Risk Area
- Urban Element
- Land Use
- At the macro level, land use in sea coast
area suggested to be the coastal boundary line
(300-500 m), which is used to be the green area
and natural drainage area so it could be the
buffer or protection against tsunami wave.
According to the field work in the west coast of
Aceh, the destruction effects of tsunami wave
generally lessened in the distance of 250 meters
from the sea coast. - Vehicles Circulation
- The perpendicular major circulation from
coastal area towards the hill is designed wide
open and leads directly to the evacuation point
to assist community to evacuate when tsunami
comes. -
10Physical Dimension of Urban Design in Tsunami
Risk Area
- Pedestrian Ways
- The shape of compact city creates
possibilities to plan transportation mode that
prioritize the pedestrian, hence, the use of
un-renewable fossil fuels such as gasoline, could
be reduced as minimum as possible. - Furthermore, the pedestrian patterns could be
able to generate socialized lifestyle in urban
community. - Building Form and Massing
- The orientation of building would be better
to face the sea or able to receive quick warning
of vulnerabilities from the sea. Building
construction should be focused on earthquake
resistance structures or temporarily withstand
during the people try to find more secure place. - Open Space
- Open spaces, squares and mosque courtyards
turned to be evacuation areas in emergency
situation. -
11Physical Dimension of Urban Design in Tsunami
Risk Area
- Activity Support
- Fishery and its activity supports are part
of community livelihood and in principal, the
location has to be remained in the coastal area
to support the community to run their daily
activities. - Information
- Information, as part of community
facilities, is set at public places and coastal
areas. - Preservation
- The persistent buildings after the tsunami,
especially public buildings could be reoccupied
as long as the construction strength remains
structurally accepted. - This would be memorial buildings and have
economic advantage.
12Survey of Towns in the Southwest Coast Aceh Region
- Survey was managed by a voluntary architects team
from Architecture Department of Postgraduate
Program of North Sumatera University and
Indonesian Institute of Architects (IAI) in
collaboration with Emergency Architect, Perancis.
- The survey was conducted on January 20 26,
2005 covering towns and villages in coastal
districts along southwest coast of Aceh regions
between Meulaboh and Blang Pidie towns.
13Survey of Towns in the Southwest Coast Aceh Region
- The Regencies of West Aceh, Nagan Raya and
Southwest Aceh. - The Regency towns
- (1)Kuala
- (2)Manggeng
- (3)Tangan-tangan
- (4)Susoh
- (5)Keuda Batee
- (6)Johan Pahlawan
- (7)Merbau
- (8)Samatiga
- (9)Arongan Lambalek
- (10) Darul Makmur
14THE TYPOLOGY OF TOWNS AND SETTLEMENTS OF
SOUTHWEST ACEH REGION BEFORE THE DISASTER
- Ribbon shape city
- It was shaped by the barriers coastal zone on
one hand, and hilly land on the other. - The growth of town follows the linier pattern of
road. - The orientation of physical formation of town is
roads. - The towns are back on to the sea.
15THE ARCHITECTURE TYPOLOGY OF TOWNS IN SOUTHWEST
ACEH REGION
- A neighborhood pathway in each of every two (2)
housing lots which is more-or-less parallel to
the coastal line. - Pathways between settlements which oriented to
sea and to the road. - With an interval of three-blocks-of-housing,
there is an artery road which its position is
also functioned as the boundary between flat
ground and hill.
16Site Section of Town / Settlements of Aceh West
Coast
- At the coastal boundary line which is the
government property (about 150 m coastal line),
settlements orientation is to the sea in a
dispersive pattern. the spread. - There are also a number of Fishermen Activity
Centres at this boundary line. - At the back of this boundary line there is a
linier pattern settlement oriented to the road.
17Neighbourhood pathway in settlement area and the
typology of Architecture
18The Architecture typology of towns in Southwest
Aceh Region
ROAD
Housing orientation is to the pathway not to the
sea. Dominant housing spacious, more-or-less
30m2 Single-floor houses. Materials are mainly
wood and cement plaster.
Settlement
TO THE SEA
19Survey of Towns in the Southwest Coast Aceh Region
By many variations in different locations, the
totally destroyed buildings is in the distance of
250 meters from the coastal line.
The condition of town around Meulaboh Mosque
20Survey of Towns in the Southwest Coast Aceh Region
Buildings in the coastal boundary line are
oriented to the road and backed on to the sea.
21Land Use Design Concept
- Land Use Pattern
- Land use planning for coastal towns regions
aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami disaster
is based on the estimation of building location
and activities safeness to the tsunami hazard, as
follows - The seaport and wave-breaker planned to be built
at the seashore areas which is directly contact
to the sea. - The area within the coastal boundary line and the
edge of the road is planned a greenery area
consists of vegetations to absorb and resist wave
energy. This area could also become a public open
space. - The artery road is planned in the boundary
between coastal and hilly zones. - Settlement is placed in the hilly area with
earthquake-resistant construction. - The area between the artery road and settlement
area in the hilly zone, is planned to be a
greenery area. - Mosque is placed in the center of neighbourhood.
22Circulation Design Concept
- Circulations
- The perpendicular major circulation from coastal
area towards the hill is designed wide open and
leads directly to the evacuation point in higher
area to assist community to evacuate when tsunami
comes. - Hierarchy and circulation pattern are oriented to
the major circulation line. - The Circulation structures follow the natural
contours form. - The circulation in the neighbourhood is mainly
for pedestrian. - The circulation to the coastal areas as the place
of livelihood should be good, acceptable and
clear.
23Building Design Concept
- Building
- Building orientation is better face to the sea or
enable in quick information acceptance regarding
to the danger from the coast. - Wooden house construction is better in earthquake
resistance or enough to hold up until the people
save themselves to the save place - Public facility building construction such as
mosque should be made by the earthquake
resistance, therefore its could be used as an
evacuated areas.
24- Recommendation
- New Town Planning
- A compact and harmonize town shape with contours.
- The main road to be the evacuation facilities
from the sea area towards the hill. - The new town is close to the former one.
- Open spaces to be the evacuation point on the top
of the hill. - Sea orientation.
- The areas inside Coastal Boundary Area become
Greenery and as center of fishermen activities
and tourism. - Settlements on the hilly zone.
- Artery road becomes coastal boundary line.
Open Space and Mosque as a town center
New Town Area
Old Town Area
25Recommendations Land Section
250-300 meters
- Wave breaker men-made or natural mangrove
forest. - Road as the physical indication of the coastal
boundary area. - Settlements in a higher level of land.
- Changing contours at the minimum level.