Rule of James I and Charles I Lead to War

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Rule of James I and Charles I Lead to War
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The Stuart Monarchy
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James I r. 1603-1625
James Is speech to the House of Commons I am
surprised that my ancestors should ever be
permitted such an institution to come into
existence. I am a stranger, and found it here
when I arrived, so that I am obliged to put up
with what I cannot get rid of!
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James I r. 1603-1625

• Wanted absolute power.
• He quickly alienated a Parliament grown
  accustomed under the Tudors to act on the premise
  that monarch and Parliament TOGETHER ruled
  England as a balance.

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James I

• Follows Elizabeth (Scottish cousin)
• Issue- Power of Parliament
• Believed in absolute rule
• Divine Right- authority from God
• Answer only to God
• King James Bible- retranslation in response to
  conflict w/ Puritans

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James I
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Quarrels with Parliament

• Elizabeth left debt
• Parliament would not give money- James would not
  bargain
• Puritans wanted him to make Church of England
  less Catholic

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Gunpowder Plot, 1605

• An attempt by some provincial Catholics to kill
  King James I and most of the Protestant
  aristocracy.
• Blow up the House of Lords during the state
  opening of Parliament.

Guy Fawkes
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Executions of the Gunpowder Plotters
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Charles I

• Son of James I
• Divine Right ruler
• Quarrels with Parliament over
• 1626 War with Spain forced him to Parliament-
  dismisses when funds refused
• 1626/27- War with France- forces knights and
  nobles to loan (imprisons the unwilling) and
  quarters troops in private homes

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Charles I r. 1625-1649

• Pro-ceremonies and rituals.
• Uniformity of church services imposed by a church
  court.
• Anglican Book of Common Prayer for both England
  AND Scotland.
• Seen as too pro-Catholic by the Puritans.

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Charles I Parliament

• Constantly at war with Spain and France.
• Always need , but how to get it??
• Usually Parliament would give Charles from
  taxes to fund his wars.
• Periodically, Parliament would deny funds.
• In return, Charles would dissolve Parliament and
  try to rule England without it ? find funds in
  other ways.
• Forced loans, selling aristocratic titles, etc.

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Charles I
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Problems continue

• 1628 Charles recalls Parliament- financial need
• Money be given in return for Petition of Right
• Petition of Right
• Parliaments consent for taxes
• Imprison only with cause
• No martial law in peacetime
• No quartering of soldiers

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Problems continue

• Petition accepted- not believed it would be
  followed
• 1629 Result- Parliament dissolved (not called for
  11 years)
• King gained money through fines and fees
  (believed acts of treason)
• Result popularity declined

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Charles I and Religion

• Charles calls Parliament
• Why? Needed resources for war
• Response? Parliament refuses unless King
  addresses their demands
• Results? King dissolves Parliament (Short
  Parliament)

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Charles I and Religion

• Charles forced to call Parliament for money to
  meet new threat
• Long Parliament
• Parliament limits Kings power- consent for taxes,
  Parliament meetings, Court of Star Chamber
• Revolt in Ireland- for suppression
• Parliament further divided

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The Long Parliament

• In session from 1640 to 1660..
• Triennial Act passed ? Parliament must be called
  in session at least once every 3 yrs.
• Parliament cant be adjourned without its own
  consent!
• Charles enters the House of Commons to end the
  session and arrest 5 MPs? unsuccessful
• Charles heads north to form an army!

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English Civil War
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English Civil War

• The 2 sides
• Cavaliers- loyal to King (nobles, church
  officials)
• Roundheads- Puritan townspeople, merchants
• Cavaliers- experienced military, 75 of land
• 1644 Oliver Cromwell takes control of Roundheads
  (believed they had Gods support)

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Oliver Cromwell
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English Civil War

• Most people did NOT get involved in war
• Destruction of war- people become more radical
• 1646 Cromwells New Model Army defeated the
  Kings forces
• Tried to disband army- job was done
• Strongly radical Puritan, more radical than
  Parliament

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English Civil War

• Result some Parliament members join up with king
• Cromwell defeated them took King captive
• Cromwell and army march to London
• 143 members/Scots of House of Commons expelled
  (Prides Purge)
• Charles I tried beheaded /Rump Parliament
• First time Monarch tried with official execution

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The Puritan Commonwealth 1649-1653

• Cromwell rules with the Rump Parliament.
• Constitutional Republic
• Created a constitution ? Instrument of Government
• An executive Cromwell
• A Council of State ? annually elected the
  committee of Parliament.
• No monarch.
• Europe is appalled ? other nations dont
  recognize it.

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Rebels within a Rebellion Levellers

• John Lilburne was their leader.
• The Agreement of the People was their political
  manifesto.
• Abolish corruption within the Parliament
  judicial process.
• Toleration ofreligious differences.
• Laws written inthe vernacular.
• Universal suffrage as a natural right.

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The Protectorate 1653-1660

• Cromwell tears up the ineffective Constitution.
• Dismisses the Rump Parliament and rules with the
  support of the military.
• Declares martial law.
• Military dictator.
• Religious tolerance for all esp. for Jews,
  except for Catholics.
• Crushes a rebellion in Scotland.
• Crushes a rebellion among the Catholics of
  Ireland ? kills 40 of all ethnic Irish!

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Charles II and James IIs Rule Lead to the
Glorious Revolution
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Charles II and Restoration

• Monarchy restored
• Not a Divine Right Ruler (1600-1685)
• Middle ground with religion
• Religious freedom to Puritans and Catholics
  created problems with Parliament
• Church of England- only legal religion

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Charles II
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Charles II and Restoration

• 1679 Parliament passes Habeas Corpus-
  guarantees freedoms (right to trial)
• No more arrests for opposition to monarch
• Money and religion will ruin him (same as father
  and grandfather)

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Charles II and Money

• Not enough money from Parliament
• Turns to Catholic King Louis XIV of France for
  money
• Secret agreement Charles would become Catholic
  in future

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Charles II and Religion

• People knew of Charles Catholic tendencies
• NO HEIR (son)- brother James II (heir) was openly
  Catholic
• Led to formation of political parties
• Whigs- James opponents
• Tories- James supporters

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Great London Plague, 1665
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Great London Fire, 1666
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King Charles II r. 1660-1685

• 1673 ? Test Act
• Parliament excluded all but Anglicans from
  civilian and military positions.to the Anglican
  gentry, the Puritans were considered radicals
  and the Catholics were seen as traitors!
• 1679 ? Habeas Corpus Act
• Any unjustly imprisoned persons could obtain a
  writ of habeas corpus compelling the govt. to
  explain why he had lost his liberty.

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James II

• Divine Right Ruler- no consent from Parliament
• Had Tories support until he appointed Catholics
  to high office
• Violate laws passed by Restoration Parliament
• Reaction James dissolves Parliament and wont
  call another

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James II
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Unhappy Protestants

• 1687 James announces govt. posts open to
  Catholics and Protestants
• 13,000 soldiers stationed outside London- change
  state religion to Catholicism
• 1688 James had son- fear of Catholic line of
  kings (second wife)

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Protestants Plan

• Mary, daughter of first wife, married to William
  of Orange invited to overthrow James II
• They accepted
• Nobody tried to stop William and troops
• James left for France
• Glorious Revolution (bloodless)
• William and Mary recognized Parliament as leading
  partner in ruling

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English Bill of Rights 1689

• It settled all of the major issues between King
  Parliament.
• It served as a model for the U. S. Bill of
  Rights.
• It also formed a base for the steady expansion of
  civil liberties in the 18c and early 19c in
  England.

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English Bill of Rights 1689

• Main provisions
• The King could not suspend the operation of laws.
• The King could not interfere with the ordinary
  course of justice.
• No taxes levied or standard army maintained in
  peacetime without Parliaments consent.
• Freedom of speech in Parliament.
• Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently.
• Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and
  freedom from excessive fines and cruel and
  unusual punishment.
• The monarch must be a Protestant.
• Freedom from arbitrary arrest.
• Censorship of the press was dropped.
• Religious toleration.

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Growth of Parliaments Power
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Parliament is Strengthened

• Puritans offended by Elizabeth
• Active in politics House of Commons spoke up
• Stepped up more with rule of Charles II (not
  Divine Right ruler)
• Got involved over successor of James II
• Went to William and Mary around power of king

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Under William and Mary

• 1689 Parliament drafts Bill of Rights
• Things ruler could NOT do
• Parliament had certain rights
• Laws could not be suspended
• Approval of taxes
• Freedom of speech
• No standing army
• No excessive bail

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British Government
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Great Britain

• Ireland
• Scotland
• Wales
• England

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Constitutional Monarchy
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Constitutional Monarchy

• Began 1688 Glorious Rev.
• Most Progressive
• Ruler limited by law
• Monarch needed Parliaments consent
• Parliament needed monarchs consent

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Previous Limits

• 1215 Magna Carta
• King John limits kings power
• English Bill of Rights
• Secured Constitutional Monarchy

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Parliament