The Early Stuarts

1

The Stuarts

• The Early Stuarts
• James I.
• Charles I.
• The English Revolution
• Long Parliament
• Civil War
• Oliver Cromwell
• The Cromwellian Regime

• The Restoration
• Charles II.
• James II.
• William of Orange
• The last of the Stuarts
• The Union with Scotland
• 1707 Act of Union

2

• The English Parliament often clashed with King
  James I of England, the first Stuart king and the
  monarch who united the thrones of England and
  Scotland. James I believed strongly in the divine
  right of kings, as he declared in this speech
  before Parliament in 1609.
• James I "Kings Are Justly Called Gods

3

• James I (of England) (1566-1625), king of England
  (1603-25) and, as James VI, king of Scotland
  (1567-1625).
• Born on June 19, 1566, in Edinburgh Castle,
  Scotland, James was the only son of Mary, Queen
  of Scots, and her second husband, Lord Darnley.
  When Mary was forced to abdicate in 1567, he was
  proclaimed king of Scotland. The country was at
  that time divided domestically by conflict
  between the Protestants and the Roman Catholics,
  and in foreign affairs by those favouring an
  alliance with France and those supporting
  England. In 1582 James was kidnapped by a group
  of Protestant nobles headed by William Ruthven,
  earl of Gowrie, and was held virtual prisoner
  until he escaped the next year.

• In 1586, by the Treaty of Berwick, James formed
  an alliance with his cousin, Queen Elizabeth I of
  England, and the following year, after the
  execution of his mother, he succeeded in reducing
  the power of the great Roman Catholic nobles.
• His marriage to Anne of Denmark in 1589 brought
  him for a time into close relationship with the
  Protestants.
• After the Gowrie conspiracy of 1600, James
  repressed the Protestants as strongly as he had
  the Catholics. He replaced the feudal power of
  the nobility with a strong central government,
  and maintaining the divine right of kings, he
  enforced the superiority of the state over the
  church.

4

• In the final arrangement, Fawkes was to set fire
  to the gunpowder in the cellar on November 5 and
  then flee to Flanders. Through a letter of
  warning written to a peer, the plot was exposed.
  Fawkes was arrested and examined under torture on
  the rack. He revealed the names of his
  associates, nearly all of whom were killed on
  being taken or were hanged along with Fawkes on
  January 31, 1606.
• James tried unsuccessfully to advance the cause
  of religious peace in Europe, giving his daughter
  Elizabeth in marriage to Frederick V, the leader
  of the German Protestants.
• He also sought to end the conflict by attempting
  to arrange a marriage between his son, Charles,
  and the infanta of Spain, then the principal
  Catholic power. When he was rejected, he formed
  an alliance with France and declared war on
  Spain.
• James I died in Hertfordshire on March 27, 1625,
  and was succeeded to the throne by his son,
  Charles I.

• In 1603 Queen Elizabeth died childless, and James
  succeeded her as James I, the first Stuart king
  of England. In 1604 he ended England's war with
  Spain, but his tactless attitude toward
  Parliament, based on his belief in divine right,
  led to prolonged conflict with that body.
• His severity toward Roman Catholics, however, led
  to the abortive Gunpowder Plot in 1605.
• It was conspiracy to kill James I, king of
  England, as well as the Lords and the Commons at
  the opening of Parliament on November 5, 1605.
  The plot was formed by a group of prominent Roman
  Catholics in retaliation against the oppressive
  anti-Catholic laws being applied by James I. The
  originator of the scheme was Robert Catesby, a
  country gentleman of Warwickshire. The
  conspirators discovered a vault directly beneath
  the House of Lords. They rented this cellar and
  stored in it 36 barrels of gunpowder.

5
Charles I (of England) (1600-1649),

• Charles was born the second son of James I, and
  became heir apparent when his elder brother,
  Henry, died, and was made Prince of Wales in
  1616. In 1625 Charles succeeded to the throne and
  married Henrietta Maria,the French princess.
  Charles believed in the divine right of kings and
  in the authority of the Church of England. These
  beliefs soon brought him into conflict with
  Parliament and ultimately led to civil war.
• He came under the influence of his close friend
  George Villiers, 1st duke of Buckingham, whom he
  appointed his chief minister in defiance of
  public opinion and whose war schemes in Spain and
  France ended unsuccessfully. Charles convoked and
  dissolved three Parliaments in four years because
  they refused to comply with his demands (
  paymants for military expenditures and
  imprisoning those who did not pay). When the
  third Parliament met in 1628, it presented the
  Petition of Right, a statement demanding that
  Charles make certain reforms in exchange for war
  funds. Charles was forced to accept the petition.
• However, in 1629, Charles dismissed Parliament
  and had several parliamentary leaders imprisoned.
  Charles governed without a Parliament for the
  next 11 years. During this time forced loans, and
  other extraordinary financial measures were
  sanctioned to meet governmental expenses.
• In 1637 Charles's attempt to impose the Anglican
  liturgy in Scotland led to rioting by
  Presbyterian Scots. Charles was unable to quell
  the revolt, and in 1640 he convoked the so-called
  Short Parliament to raise an army and necessary
  funds. This body, which sat for one month
  (April-May), refused his demands, drew up a
  statement of public grievances, and insisted on
  peace with Scotland. Obtaining money by irregular
  means, Charles advanced against the Scots, who
  crossed the border, routed his army at Newburn,
  and soon afterward occupied Newcastle and Durham.

6

• His money exhausted, the king was compelled to
  call his fifth Parliament, the Long Parliament,
  in 1640. In 1641 Charles agreed that this
  Parliament would not be dissolved without its own
  permission. The king also agreed to more
  religious liberties for the Scots and to submit
  to the demands of the Scottish Parliament.
• While still in Scotland, the king received word
  of a rebellion in Ireland in which thousands of
  English colonists were massacred. When he
  returned to London in November, he tried to have
  Parliament raise an army, under his control, to
  put down the Irish revolt. Parliament, fearing
  that the army would be used against itself,
  refused, and issued the Grand Remonstrance, a
  list of reform demands, including the right of
  Parliament to approve the king's ministers.
  Charles appeared in the House of Commons with an
  armed force. The country was aroused, and the
  king fled with his family from London.

The English Revolution
7
CIVIL WAR
Both sides then raised armies. The supporters of
Parliament were called Roundheads, and those of
the king, Cavaliers. The first civil war of the
English Revolution, now inevitable, began at
Edgehill on October 23, 1642. The Cavaliers were
initially successful, but after a series of
reverses Charles gave himself up to the Scottish
army on May 5, 1646. Having refused to accept
Presbyterianism, he was delivered in June 1647 to
the English Parliament. Later he escaped to the
Isle of Wight but was imprisoned there. By this
time a serious division had occurred between
Parliament and its army. The army's leader,
Oliver Cromwell and his supporters, the
Independents, compelled Parliament to pass an act
of treason against further negotiation with the
king.
8

• Eventually, the moderate Parliamentarians were
  forcibly ejected by the Independents, and the
  remaining legislators, who formed the so-called
  Rump Parliament, appointed a court to try the
  king. On January 20, 1649, the trial began in
  Westminster Hall. Charles denied the legality of
  the court and refused to plead. On January 27 he
  was sentenced to death as a tyrant, murderer, and
  enemy of the nation. Scotland protested, the
  royal family entreated, and France and the
  Netherlands interceded, in vain. Charles was
  beheaded at Whitehall, London. Subsequently
  Oliver Cromwell became chairman of the council of
  state, a parliamentary agency that governed
  England as a republic until the restoration of
  the monarchy in 1660.

9

The Cromwellian Regime

• The problem of settling the government on a
  permanent basis was never solved. The new Council
  of State had to depend on the force of the army
  and the Rump Parliament. Cromwell was the
  dominant individual. From 1649 to 1651 he subdued
  Ireland and Scotland and brought them into the
  Commonwealth. In 1653 he dissolved the Rump.In
  December 1653 accepted the Instrument of
  Government, England's only attempt at a written
  constitution. The protectorate, which it created,
  was governed by a House of Commons and Cromwell
  as Lord Protector. Parliament challenged the
  restrictions of the Instrument and then proposed
  the so-called Humble Petition and Advice to amend
  it. Cromwell accepted a second house of
  Parliament and the right to name his successor,
  but refused the title of king.
• After a Royalist uprising in 1655, Cromwell
  divided England into 11 military districts
  commanded by major generals. This, more than
  anything except the killing of Charles, turned
  people against Cromwell and taught them to hate
  Puritans and standing armies.
• Cromwell pursued an active foreign policy. The
  Navigation Act of 1651 provoked the Dutch War of
  1652 to 1654, from which England gained some
  success. Jamaica was taken from Spain in 1655.
  Allied with France, England in 1658 won the
  Battle of the Dunes and took Dunkerque in France.
  Not since Elizabeth's reign had English ships and
  arms been so successful and so respected.
• The protectorate collapsed after Cromwell died in
  September 1658, and his son, Richard, was unable
  to gain the respect of the army. In the ensuing
  confusion, General George Monck, the commander in
  Scotland, marched to London, recalled the Long
  Parliament, and set in motion the return of the
  dead king's eldest son from exile.

10

The Restoration

• James II soon lost the goodwill he had inherited.
  He was too harsh in his suppression of a revolt
  by James Scott, Duke of Monmouth (an illegitimate
  son of Charles), in 1685 he created a standing
  army and he put Roman Catholics in the
  government, army, and university. In 1688 his
  Declaration of Indulgence, allowing Dissenters
  and Catholics to worship freely, and the birth of
  a son, which set up a Roman Catholic succession,
  prompted James's opponents to invite William of
  Orange, a Protestant and stadtholder of the
  Netherlands and husband of the king's elder
  daughter, Mary, to come to safeguard Mary's
  inheritance. When William landed, James fled, his
  army having deserted to William.

• William was given temporary control of the
  government. Parliament in 1689 gave him and Mary
  the crown jointly, provided that they affirm the
  Bill of Rights listing and condemning the abuses
  of James. A Toleration Act gave freedom of
  worship to Protestant dissenters. This revolution
  was called the Glorious Revolution because,
  unlike that of 1640 to 1660, it was bloodless and
  successful Parliament was sovereign and England
  prosperous. It was a victory of Whig principles
  and Tory pragmatism.
• Those who would not swear allegiance to the new
  monarchs were called nonjurors or
  JacobitesJacobus being Latin for James. The
  Jacobites were most numerous among the Roman
  Catholics in the Scottish Highlands and in
  Ireland.

11
The last of the Stuarts

• Before James II's younger daughter, Anne, came to
  the throne in 1702, her many children had all
  died. To prevent a return of the Roman Catholic
  Stuarts, Parliament in 1701 passed the Act of
  Settlement, providing that the throne should go
  next to the Protestant Electress Sophia of
  Hannover, the granddaughter of James I, and to
  her descendants.
• Scotland, angry at its exclusion from trade with
  the English Empire, hesitated to duplicate the
  act, as it had the Bill of Rights in 1689. The
  only solution was to combine the two kingdoms,
  which was done by the Act of Union of 1707,
  creating the kingdom of Great Britain.

12
Act of Union

• Act of Union, name of several statutes that
  accomplished
• the joining of England with Wales (1536),
• England and Wales with Scotland (1707),
• Great Britain with Ireland (1800),
• British provinces of Upper Canada and Lower
  Canada (1840) in North America.

13
Queen Ann

• Anne (1665-1714), queen of Great Britain and
  Ireland (1702-14), the last British sovereign of
  the house of Stuart. Born in London on February
  6, 1665, she was the second daughter of King
  James II. Her mother was James's first wife, Anne
  Hyde. In 1683 she was married to Prince George of
  Denmark. Although her father converted to Roman
  Catholicism in 1672, Anne remained Protestant.
  Becoming queen on William Orange's death in 1702,
  Anne restored to favor John Churchill, who had
  been disgraced by her predecessor, making him
  duke of Marlborough and captain-general of the
  army. Marlborough won a series of victories over
  the French in the War of the Spanish Succession
  (1701-14, known in America as Queen Anne's War),
  and he and his wife, Sarah, had great influence
  over the queen in the early years of her reign.
• . During Queen Anne's reign the kingdoms of
  England and Scotland were united (1707). She died
  in London on August 1, 1714, and, having no
  surviving children, was succeeded by her German
  cousin, George, elector of Hannover, as King
  George I of Great Britain and Ireland.

14
THE STUARTS
JAMES I (r. 1603-25)
15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)