Appendicular Skeleton

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Appendicular Skeleton
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Appendicular Skeleton

• The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones
  of the limbs and bones that anchor the limbs to
  the axial skeleton.
• Pectoral girdle scapula, clavicle.
• Upper limbs humerus, radium, ulna, carpals,
  metacarpals, phalanges.
• Pelvic girdle coxal bones.
• Lower limbs femur, tibia, fibula, patella,
  tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.

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Figure 7.42
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Pectoral Girdle

• Clavicles collar bones that attach the sternum
  to the shoulder anteriorly.
• Scapulae shoulder blades with two processes.
• Acromion process tip of the shoulder.
• Coracoid process attaches to the clavicle and
  provides attachments for muscles.
• Glenoid fossa articulates with the humerus.

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Upper limb

• Humerus upper arm bone, articulates with the
  glenoid fossa of the scapula

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Upper limb cont.

• Radius thumb side of the forearm, articulates
  with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial
  notch of the ulna
• Ulna longer bone of the forearm, olecranon and
  coronoid processes articulate with the humerus

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Hand

• Carpal bones eight small bones of the wrist.
• Metacarpal bones five bones, the framework of
  the palm.
• Phalanges finger bones, three in each finger
  (proximal, middle, distal phalanx), two in the
  thumb.

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Figure 7.47
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Pelvic Girdle

• Coxal bones two hips bones composed of three
  fused bones.
• Ilium superior part of the coxal bone.
• Ischium lowest portion of the coxal bone.
• Pubis anterior part of the coxal bone. The two
  pubic bones joint at the symphysis pubis.

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Figure 7.49
Iliac crest
(bone) Pubis
Obturator foramen
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Figure 7.49
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Superior iliac notch
Inferior iliac notch Pubic tubercle
Lesser sciatic notch
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Male and Female Pelvis

• Female iliac bones are more flared. Hips are
  wide
• female pubic arch angle is greater.
• The sacral curvature is shorter and flatter.

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• greater distance between the ischial spines and
  tuberosities in the female.
• The differences create a wider pelvic cavity in
  all diameters
• Larger pelvic brim

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WHY???
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Figure 7.51
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Lower Limb

• Femur thigh bone, longest bone
• Patella kneecap, located in a tendon, femur,
  tibia, and patella form the knee joint
• Tibia shinbone, lateral malleolus forms the
  ankle
• Fibula slender bone lateral to the tibia, not
  part of the knee joint

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Figure 7.52
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Linea aspera (posterior)
Popliteal surface
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• Osgood schlatter disease
• Swelling of bony projection of tibia below knee
• Due to over use of thigh muslces
• More common in teens b/c of rapid bone growth

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Foot

• Tarsal bones seven small bones in the ankle. The
  calcaneus (heel bone) is the largest, located
  below the talus.
• Metatarsal bones elongated bones that form the
  arch of the foot.
• Phalanges each toe has three except the great
  tow which has two.

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Figure 7.55
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• Tarsus and metatarsus arranged and bound by
  ligaments to form arch
• Plantar fascitis flat foot fallen foot
• Weakened tissue, constant or heavy weight applied
  to foot

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Life-Span Changes

• Calcium levels fall through life and the skeleton
  loses strength.
• Osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts.

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Life-Span Changes

• By age 35, everyone loses bone mass. Women lose
  bone mass faster between menopause and age
  seventy.
• Trabecular bone is lost before compact bone.