Appendicular Skeleton

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Appendicular Skeleton
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Appendicular Skeleton

• Contains 126 bones between 4 groups
• Pectoral girdle (4)
• Arms (60)
• Legs (60)
• Pelvic girdle (2)

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Pectoral Girdle attaches the upper appendage to
the thorax
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Pectoral Girdle

• Includes 2 bones (on each side)- clavicle and
  scapula.
• Weaker girdle than the pelvic girdle
• Not designed to be weight bearing
• Small point of attachment with the axial skeleton
  (at the sternoclavicular joint)
• Most of the girdle is supported by back muscles.

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Clavicle the anterior bone of the pectoral girdle

• S-shaped
• Collarbone
• Articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
  (sternoclavicular joint). This is a diarthroses
  (gliding joint).

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Clavicular Landmarks

• Sternal end the thickened medial end of the
  clavicle that articualtes with the manubrium of
  the sternum.
• Acromial end the thinner lateral end of the
  clavicle that articulates with the acromion of
  the scapula.
• Conoid tubercle a small projection found on the
  inferior surface of the lateral end of the
  clavicle.
• This can help determine if it is the left/right
  clavicle.

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Scapula the posterior bone of the pectoral
girdle.

• Larger than the clavicle
• Triangular shaped
• Attached to the axial skeleton through the joint
  it forms with the clavicle (acromioclavicular
  joint).
• Held in place by the larger muscles of the back.

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Anterior Scapular Landmarks

• Superior angle the highest point on the scapula.
• Superior border the superior edge of the
  scapula.
• Inferior angle the lowest point on the scapula.
• Medial (vertebral) border a thin ridge of bone
  found close to the vertebral column.
• Lateral (axillary) border a thick ridge of bone
  found close to the humerus and inferior to the
  Glenoid fossa.

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Anterior Scapular Landmarks cont

• Scapular notch a small cut out in the superior
  border of the scapula, medial to the coracoid
  process.
• Allows blood vessels to pass over the superior
  border in order to feed and drain the arm. This
  notch protects the vessels.
• Subscapular fossa a large shallow depression
  found on the anterior surface of the scapula.
• In this case, sub means underneath.

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Anterior Scapular Landmarks cont

• Coracoid process a long, tube-like projection
  found medial to the Glenoid fossa.
• Where the pectoralis minor and biceps brachii
  attach.

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Posterior Scapular Landmarks

• Spine a prominent ridge of bone found on the
  posterior surface of the scapula.
• Acromion a wide flat projection found on the
  lateral end of the spine.
• Angled 90 anterior to the spine.
• Articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle
  at the acromioclavicular joint.
• Supraspinous fossa a shallow depression found
  superior to the spine of the scapula.
• PFMA.

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Posterior Scapular Landmarks

• Infraspinous fossa a large shallow depression
  found inferior to the spine of the scapula.
• PFMA
• Glenoid (cavity) fossa a shallow depression
  found superior to the lateral (axillary) border.
• Articulates with the head of the humerus to form
  the shoulder joint. This helps form the socket
  of the ball and socket. This joint is not a
  tight fit which allows a range of motion.

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The Upper Appendages

• 30 bones in each arm
• Proximal ? Distal
• Humerus ?Radius ?Ulna ?Carpals (8) ?Metacarpals
  (5) ?Phalanges (14)
• Humerus single bone of the upper arm.
• Largest bone of the arm

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Proximal Humeral Landmarks

• Head the rounded proximal end of the humerus.
• Articulates with the glenoid fossa (not tightly
  which allows for a wide range of motion)
• Anatomical neck a small line found just distal
  to the head of the humerus.
• Site of the epiphyseal line (where the growth
  plate has completely ossified).
• Greater tubercle a large blunt projection found
  on the proximal end of the humerus, lateral to
  the head.

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Proximal Humeral Landmarks cont..

• Lesser tubercle a small blunt projection found
  on the proximal end of the humerus on the
  anterior surface.
• This helps determine if it is the right/left
  humerus because it is only on the anterior
  surface.
• Intertubercular (sulcus) groove an elongated
  channel (groove) found between the greater and
  lesser tubercles.
• Allows the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle to
  pass over the head on its way to the
  scapula-without being bent.

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Proximal Humeral Landmarks cont..

• Surgical neck the constricted region found
  inferior to the intertubercular sulcus.
• This is a term created by doctors.
• Most commonly fractured region of the humerus.
• Where the compact bone of the diaphysis thins to
  transition to spongy bone of the epiphyses.
• Deltoid tuberosity a large slightly rounded
  projection found on the lateral surface of the
  diaphysis.
• Point for the deltoid muscle attachment.

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Distal Humeral Landmarks

• Capitulum the rounded lateral condyle of the
  humerus.
• Articulates with the head of the radius to help
  stabalize the elbow joint.
• Trochlea the pulley-shaped medial condyle of the
  humerus.
• Articulates with the ulna to form the
  functional part of the elbow that allows it to
  be a hinge joint.
• Most condyles are specifically named but these
  2 are shaped so differently!

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Distal Humeral Landmarks cont..

• Medial epicondyle a large projection found
  proximal to the trochlea.
• PFMA
• This region is called the funny bone. The
  sensation that you feel when you hit this is
  actually due to the pressure put on the ulnar
  nerve that runs posteriorly to this.
• Lateral epicondyle a small projection found
  proximal to the capitulum.
• PFMA

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Distal Humeral Landmarks cont..

• Coronoid fossa a small projection found proximal
  to the capitulum.
• It accepts the coronoid process of the ulna when
  the elbow is bent.
• If we didnt have this, we wouldnt be able to
  bend the joint so far.
• Olecranon fossa a large shallow depression found
  proximal to the trochlea on the distal posterior
  surface of the humerus.
• This accepts the olecranon of the ulna and allows
  the elbow to straighten.

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Radius

• The lateral bone of the forearm.
• On the thumb side
• Helps to stabilize the elbow joint.
• Head the flattened proximal end of the radius.
• Articulates with the capitulum of the humerus.
• Radial tuberosity a small round projection found
  on the anterior surface just distal to the head.
• Where the biceps brachii attaches and pulls on
  the radius.

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Radius continued

• Styloid process a small triangular projection
  found on the distal lateral surface.
• PFMA
• Can be felt as a bump on the distal, lateral
  surface.

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Ulna

• The medial bone of the forearm.
• On the pinky side
• Trochlear notch a C shaped notch found on the
  proximal anterior surface.
• Articulates with the trochlea to form the
  functional part of the elbow. This is the pivot
  point for the hinge joint.
• Coronoid process a small triangular process
  found on the anterior surface of the trochlear
  notch.
• Fits into the coronoid fossa of the humerus when
  the elbow is bent.

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Ulna continued

• Olecranon (process) a large blunt projection
  found on the proximal posterior surface.
• PFMA
• The part of the elbow that sticks out when it
  is bent.
• Head the smaller distal end.
• The only bone that has the head at the distal
  end.
• Styloid process a small triangular projection on
  the distal medial surface.

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Carpals

• A group of 8 short bones that form the wrist.
• Function
• Evenly transfer forces from the palm to the
  radius and ulna.
• Bones Arranged in 2 rows of 4 bones
• Tell the children how scotties like to play
• Distal row (lateral to medial)
• Trapezium-Trapezoid-Capitate-Hamate
• Proximal row (lateral to medial)
• Scaphoid-Lunate-Triquetrum-Pisiform

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Metacarpals Phalanges

• Metacarpals A group of 5 long bones that make up
  the palm of the hand.
• Numbered 1-5 from lateral (thumb) to medial
  (pinky)
• Phalanges A group of 14 long bones that make up
  the digits of the hand.
• Digit 1 is the thumb- has 2 bones (proximal and
  distal)
• Digits 2-5- each have 3 bones (proximal,
  intermediate, and distal)
• Phalanx- Singular form of phalanges (each
  individual finger bone)

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Pelvic Girdle

• Attaches the lower appendages to the sacrum of
  the vertebral column
• Immovable girdle
• Designed to be weight bearing
• Large bony point of attachment with the sacrum at
  the sacroiliac joint
• Os coxae (coxa is singular)
• Two bones of the pelvic girdle
• Each is composed of 3 bones that are fused
  together

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Ilium

• Large, superior bone of the os coxa
• Forms the prominence of the hips
• Illiac Landmarks (1-5 are PFMA)
• Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) a large
  blunt projection that marks the beginning of the
  iliac crest.
• Iliac crest a prominent ridge of bone that forms
  the superior border of the ilium.
• What you feel when you put your hands on your
  hips.

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Ilium

• Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) a large
  blunt projection that marks the end of ht eiliac
  crest.
• Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) a smaller
  blunt projection found inferior to the anterior
  superior iliac spine
• Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS) a smaller
  blunt projection found inferior to the posterior
  superior iliac spine.

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Ilium

• Greater sciatic notch a large cut out area found
  anterior to the posterior inferior iliac spine.
• This allows the large branch of the sciatic nerve
  to pass over the os coxa on its way to the leg.

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Ilium

• Iliac fossa a large shallow depression found on
  the anterior surface of the ilium.
• Auricular surface a roughened area found
  anterior to the posterior inferior iliac spine.
• Articulates with the auricular surface of the
  sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint

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Ischium

• The inferior, posterior bone of the os coxa.
• Ischial landmarks
• Ischial spine a sharp flat projection found
  inferior to the greater sciatic notch.
• Lesser sciatic notch a small cut area found
  inferior to the ischial spine.
• Allows a small branch of the sciatic nerve to
  pass over the ischium on its way to the leg.
• Ischial tuberosity a large, flat, blunt
  projection found inferior to the lesser sciatic
  notch.

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Pubis

• The inferior, anterior bone of the os coxa.
• Pubis landmarks
• Pubic crest a small ridge of bone found on the
  anterior surface.
• Pubic tubercle a small rounded projection found
  on the medial end of the pubic crest.
• Superior pubic ramus the short horizontal
  portion of the pubis found lateral to the pubic
  tubercle.
• Inferior pubic ramus the longer vertical portion
  of the pubis found inferior to the pubic tubercle.

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Os coxa Landmarks

• Acetabulum a large cup shaped depression found
  on the lateral surface of the os coxa.
• Formed by all 3 bones of the os coxa.
• Articulates with the head of the femur to form
  the ball and socket hip joint.
• Obturator foramen a large opening through the os
  coxa formed by the joining of the ischium and the
  pubis.
• PFMA

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ACT - UP
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ACT-UP

• 1) Which column, the left or the right, shows
  images of the female pelvis?
• 2) Describe three (3) physical features that
  helped you determine which series of images was
  of the female pelvis.

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ACT - UP
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The term condyles is used to describe the
proximal end of the tibia. Is this term being
used correctly? Defend your answer.
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Lower Appendages

• 60 total bones (30 per leg)
• Proximal to Distal
• femur?patella?tibia?fibula?tarsals (7)?
• Metatarsals (5)?phalanges (14)
• Femur single bone of the upper leg.
• Longest, largest and strongest bone of the body.
• Articulates with the acetabulum of the os coxa.

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Femoral Landmarks

• Head the rounded proximal end of the femur.
• Fits better with the acetabulum than the humerus
  does with the glenoid cavity. This gives it less
  range of motion but more weight bearing.
• Fovea capitis a small opening in the head of the
  femur that allows blood vessels to enter the
  proximal end of the femur.
• Can only be seen when viewing the medial surface
  of the head.

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Femoral Landmarks

• Neck the constricted region of the femur just
  distal to the head.
• Most commonly fractured site on the femur.
• Greater trochanter a large blunt, irregular
  projection found on the proximal lateral surface.
• Largest bone landmark in the body.
• Lesser trochanter a smaller blunt projection
  found on the proximal, medial posterior surface.

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Femoral Landmarks

• Intertrochanteric line a small ridge of bone
  found between the greater and lesser trochanters
  on the proximal anterior surface.
• Intertrochanteric crest a large prominent ridge
  of bone found between the greater and lesser
  trochanters on the proximal posterior surface.
• Gluteal tuberosity a short vertical ridge of
  bone found inferior to the intertrochanteric
  crest.
• Where the gluteus maximus tendon attaches.

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Femoral Landmarks

• Linea aspera a long vertical ridge of bone found
  inferior to the gluteal tuberosity on the
  posterior surface of the diaphysis.
• Medial epicondyle a small projection found
  proximal to the medial condyle.
• Lateral epicondyle a small projection found
  proximal to the lateral condyle.
• Medial and lateral condyles the rounded distal
  ends of the femur.
• Articulate with the condyles of the tibia to form
  the knee joint.

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Femoral Landmarks

• Intercondylar fossa a large shallow depression
  found between the emdial and lateral condyles of
  the femur.
• Where ligaments attach that hold the knee joint
  together.

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Patella

• Small triangular bone located anterior to the
  knee joint.
• Sesamoid bone bone that develops inside a
  tendon.
• Function protects the tendon of the quadriceps
  femoris muscle group as it crosses over the knee
  joint.
• Landmarks
• Base the blunt superior portion.
• Apex the pointed inferior portion.

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Tibia

• Large, medial weight bearing bone of the lower
  leg.
• Articulates with the condyles of the femur to
  form the knee joint.
• Articulates with the talus to form the ankle
  joint.
• Tibial landmarks
• Medial and lateral condyles the concave proximal
  ends.
• Start out rounded and they flatten when the
  person starts walking.

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Tibial Landmarks cont

• Large, medial weight bearing bone of the lower
  leg.
• Articulates with the condyles of the femur to
  form the knee joint.
• Articulates with the talus to form the ankle
  joint.
• Tibial landmarks
• Medial and lateral condyles the concave proximal
  ends.
• Start out rounded and they flatten when the
  person starts walking.
• Articulate with the condyles of the femur.

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Tibial Landmarks cont

• Intercondylar eminence a paired triangular
  projection found between the medial and lateral
  condyles.
• Point for ligament attachment- PCL and ACL attach
  to this and the intercondylar fossa of the femur.
• Tibial tuberosity a small rounded projection
  found on the proximal anterior surface.
• PFMA
• Anterior (crest) border a sharp ridge of bone
  found on the anterior surface of the shaft.
• PFMA

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Tibial Landmarks cont

• Medial malleolus a large blunt projection found
  on the distal medial surface.
• Forms the prominence of the ankle on the medial
  side.
• Helps prevent medial dislocation of the ankle.

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Fibula

• The smaller, lateral, non-weight bearing bone of
  the lower leg.
• Point of attachment for the muscles that act on
  the foot.
• This is why it is difficult to walk if the fibula
  is broken.
• Fibular landmarks
• Head the rounded proximal end.
• Lateral malleolus the pointed distal end.
• Forms the prominence of the ankle on the lateral
  side and helps prevent lateral dislocation.

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Tarsals

• A group of 7 short bones that form the posterior
  arch of the foot.
• Function to transfer force from the foot to the
  tibia when walking.
• Tarsal bones
• Calcaneus?cuboid?lateral cuneiform?intermediate
  cuneiform?medial cuneiform?navicular?talus
• Crazy couples love introducing many new things

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Metatarsals Phalanges

• Metatarsals a group of 5 long bones that form
  the anterior arch of the foot.
• Numbered 1st-5th (medial to lateral)
• Phalanges a group of 14 long bones that form the
  digits of the foot.
• Great toe (hallux) has 2 phalanges (proximal and
  distal)
• 2nd-5th have 3 phalanges (proximal,
  intermediate/middle and distal)

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