PSY 321 Dr. Sanchez Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination: Intergroup Bias

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PSY 321Dr. SanchezStereotyping, Prejudice and
Discrimination Intergroup Bias
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The Self-fulfilling Prophecy as a Three-Step
Process
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Self-Fulfilling ProphecyRosenthal Jacobson
(1968)

• Teachers were told that, on the basis of an IQ
  test, a certain group of students was on the
  verge of an intellectual spurt
• This group of students was randomly chosen
• Test was bogus
• 8 months later, this group of
• Students actually outperformed
• others on an IQ test

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Racial Profiling as a Self-fulfilling Prophecy
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What is the state of intergroup bias in the U.S.?

• Not everybodys life is what they make it. Some
  peoples life is what other people make it.
• - Alice Walker

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Racism Healthcare

• Black and Latino cardiac patients less likely to
  receive appropriate heart medicine
• Less likely to undergo coronary bypass surgery
• Less likely to receive dialysis or kidney
  transplant
• Receive lower quality basic clinical services

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Racism Hiring(Bertrand Mullainathan, 2003)

• Sent 5000 phantom applications to job ads in
  Boston Chicago
• Resumes were identical, EXCEPT
• RACE WAS VARIED by use of NAMES (Tamika vs
  Kristin Tyrone vs Brad)
• Results?

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Racism Mortgage Discrimination

• White people are far more likely than Black
  people to be granted mortgage loans
• This effect cannot be explained away
  statistically by differences

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Sexism Pay Inequity

• In 2003, women who worked full-time made __ cents
  for every dollar a man made.
• Asian women 75 cents
• White women 70 cents
• Black women 63 cents
• Native women 57 cents
• Latina women 52 cents
• These differences cannot be explained away.

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What Is a Social Group?

• Two or more people perceived as having at least
  one of the following characteristics
• Direct interactions with each other over a period
  of time.
• Joint membership in a social category based on
  sex, race, or other attributes.
• A shared, common fate, identity, or set of goals.

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Defining Important Terms

• Stereotypes COGNITIONS/BELIEFS
• Prejudice AFFECT/EMOTIONS
• Discrimination BEHAVIORS

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Perceiving Groups Three Reactions
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A CLASS DIVIDEDSocial CategorizationJane
Elliots Class Exercise
Blue Eyes vs. Brown Eyes
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How Stereotypes Form In-groups vs. Out-groups

• We have a strong tendency to divide people into
  ingroups and outgroups.
• Benefits
• Consequences
• outgroup homogeneity effect

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Why Are Out-groups Seen As Homogeneous?
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Social CategorizationTajfels Minimal Group
Paradigm

• Minimal Groups categorizing persons on the
  basis of trivial info
• Ps watch a coin toss that randomly assigned them
  to X or W
• Overestimators vs. Underestimators

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Social CategorizationTajfels Minimal Group
Paradigm

• General Findings

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Social Identity Theory
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Social Identity Theory

• Basic Predictions
• 1) Threats to SE need for ingroup favoritism
• 2) Ingroup favoritism repairs SE

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Stereotypes
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Definitions

• What is a stereotype?
• beliefs about characteristics of group members

e.g., professor absent-minded reads
books drinks coffee wears glasses
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Stereotype Content

• Warm-Competence

Women
Homeless People
Rich
The Elderly
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The Stereotype Content Model(Fiske et al., 2002)

• Two fundamental dimensions warmth competence
• Positive Stereotypes
• Negative Stereotypes
• MIXED
• Paternalistic stereotypes (high warmth/low
  competence)
• e.g., elderly, disabled people, some gender
  stereotypes
• Envious stereotypes (low warmth/high competence)
• Asians, Jews
• The 4 different combinations of warmth and
  competence are associated with different
  intergroup emotions

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Stereotype Content Model(Fiske, Cuddy, Glick,
Xu, 1999 2002)

• Low competence, Low warmth -gt Contempt
• Low competence, High warmth -gt Pity
• High competence, Low warmth -gt Envy
• High competence, High warmth -gt Pride

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How Stereotypes Survive

• Illusory Correlations
• an overestimation of the association between
  variables that are only slightly or not at all
  correlated
• Confirmation Biases
• Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
• Attribution Subtyping

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Stereotype Black men are dangerous

• Is it a weapon (Correll et al., 2002)?
• Subjects played video game (see p. 149 of text
  for picture)
• IVs
• Race of target
• Target is holding weapon or harmless object
• DVs Pushed shoot or dont shoot button

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Stereotype Black men are dangerous

• Results
• Subjects mistook harmless objects for guns when
  held by black targets
• In other words, subjects biases caused them to
  confirm their expectations

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White men cant jumpStone et al., 1997

• Subjects listened to same basketball game
• IV Subjects were led to believe player was black
  or white
• DV How athletic was the player? How court
  smart was the player?

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White Men Cant Jump?
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Stereotypes as (Sometimes) Automatic

• Devine (1989) We become highly aware of the
  contents of many stereotypes through
  sociocultural mechanisms.
• Automatic
• Can influence behavior even when do not
  consciously endorse the stereotype.

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What Factors Can Influence Stereotype Activation?

• Cognitive Factors
• Cultural Factors (e.g., media and norms)
• Motivation (e.g., be egalitarian, restore SE)
• Personal Factors (High in Prejudice)

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Overcoming Stereotypes

• Motivation to Control Prejudice for Internal
  Reasons
• Cognitive Resources (Energy Control)

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Prejudice The emotional component

• Competition-based prejudice
• Explicit vs. Implicit prejudice

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Realistic Conflict Theory

• The theory that hostility between groups is
  caused by direct competition for limited
  resources.

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Competition for Limited Resources

• Realistic Conflict Theory
• scarce resources -------
• People feel a sense of---
• feeling threatened -------gt prejudice and
  discrimination

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Realistic Conflict Theory

• Example 1 (Hovland Sears)
• cotton lynchings in South (1882-1930)
• as cotton prices went down (i.e., scarce
  resources), number of lynchings of Black people
  increased
• Example 2
• Jewish Holocaust
• As German economy worsened, Jewish people were
  scapegoated, resented, killed.

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Realistic Conflict Theory

• Example 2 (Sherif Colleagues)

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Realistic Conflict Theory

• Example 2 (Sherif Colleagues)
• Boy Scout Camp (Eagles vs Rattlers)
• Strengthened cohesiveness w/in group in first
  week
• Enhanced competition btw groups in second week
• Resources were source of conflict
• How was conflict restored????

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Types of Racism

• Modern Racism A form of racism that surfaces in
  subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable,
  and easy to rationalize
• Calling strikes by umpires
• Establish moral credentials
• Implicit Racism Racism that operates
  unconsciously and unintentionally

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• Implicit Attitudes
• Function in an unconscious unintentional manner
• How do we measure??

• Explicit Attitudes
• Operate at conscious level
• Best measured by traditional, self-report measures

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How Can Implicit Racism Be Detected and Measured?

• Use reaction times to measure associations
  between race and positive/negative words
• Fazio et al.s (1995) bona fide pipeline measure.
• see face, then respond to good/bad words
• Greenwald et al.s (1998) Implicit Association
  Test (IAT)
• Pair faces with good/bad words

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Facial Features and Prison Sentences
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Development of Explicit vs. Implicit Racial
Preferences
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Sexism Ambivalence and Double Standards in
Section Two
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Beyond Racism Age, Weight, Sexuality, and Other
Targets

• Other types of discrimination

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Being Stigmatized

• Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as
  deviant, and devalued in society because of
  membership in a particular social group or
  because of a particular characteristic.

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Gay Pride and Spare Change
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Stereotype Threat

• Stereotype threat is the fear that one will be
  reduced to a stereotype in the eyes of others.
• How can stereotype threat hamper academic
  achievement?

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Stereotype Threat and Academic Performance
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Stereotype Threat

• General Features
• Threat is situational
• Domain connected
• Strength varies with
• About social identity ? applies to many groups

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Stereotypes and Multiple Identities
Not Good at Math
Good at Math
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Multiple Identities(Shih, Pittinsky,
Ambady,1999)

• Remind Asian-American women of their
• Asian identity (questions about languages
  spoken, race, etc.)
• Female identity (questions about co-ed housing)
• Neither identity (questions about telephone
  service)
• Take a math test

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Multiple Identities(Shih, Pittinsky,
Ambady,1999)
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Preventing Stereotype Threat (Table 5.6)

• Test as Nondiagnostic
• Informing that Group does not perform worse
• Think of intelligence as malleable v. fixed

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Interracial Interactions- Why do all the White
and Black kids sit together?

• Whites
• Concern with being perceived as prejudiced
• White Ps high in implicit racism tend to
  experience cognitive depletion in interracial
  interactions
• Concerns and tensions influence interracial
  interactions and interest
• Blacks
• Concern with being treated negatively because of
  prejudice and being perceived stereotypically
  (Mendoza-Denton et al., 2002 Shelton, 2003)
• Concerns influence social judgments about and
  during interracial contact

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Interpersonal Concerns with Prejudice

• Whites and Blacks
• Harbor fear of rejection because of their group
  memberships
• Fear that out-group members will perceive them in
  a way that threatens their identity (Steele,
  Spencer, Aronson, 2003)

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Pluralistic Ignorance
People observe others behaving similarly to
themselves but believe that the same behaviors
reflect different feelings and beliefs (Miller
McFarland, 1987, 1991)
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Pluralistic Ignorance

• Own behavior
• Reflect fears of social exclusion
• Other persons behavior
• Taken at face value
• Reflects the persons true feelings

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Divergent Attributions
You enter the dining hall for dinner. You are
alone because your close friends are in a review
session. As you look around the dining hall for a
place to sit, you notice several White (Black)
students who live near you sitting together.
These students also notice you. However, neither
of you explicitly makes a move to sit together.
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Divergent Attributions

• Fear of Rejection
• How likely is that fear of being rejected because
  of your race would inhibit you from sitting with
  these students?
• Lack of Interest
• How likely is that your lack of interest in
  getting to know these students would inhibit you
  from sitting with them?
• Answered for self and other (counterbalanced)
• 7-point scale where 1 not at all and 7 very
  much

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Black Participants Responses for Self and Other
in Interracial Contact
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Same for White Participants Judgments
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Black Participants with Black Partner
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White Participants with White Partner
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Divergent Attributions

• Blacks and Whites
• Make divergent attributions for own and out-group
  members avoidance of interracial contact
• Interpersonal Concerns with Prejudice
• Im afraid of being rejected!
• They lack interest in interacting!
• Misunderstanding occurs even before the
  interaction

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What Can We Do?

• Repeated Intergroup Contact that involves
• Individuation
• Common In-Group Identity (reduce us v. them)

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Self-Esteem in U.S. Minority Groups
From J. M. Twenge and J. Crocker, Race and
Self-Esteem Meta-Analysis Comparing Whites,
Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and American Indians,
Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 128, 2002, pp.
371-408.
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Coping with Stigma

• Stigma having an attribute that is viewed as
  inferior, deficient, etc.
• 1) attributing negative feedback to prejudice
• (2) comparing outcomes with those of their
  ingroup
• (3)