Protists

1
Protists

• Biology
• Chapter 20

2
20-1 The Kingdom Protista

• Protista Greek the very first

3
What is a Protist?

• Most diverse kingdom
• Protist may be
• Unicellular or multicellular
• Microscopic or very large
• Autotrophic or heterotrophic
• Protists are eukaryotes that are not members of
  the kingdom Plantae, Animalia, or Fungi
• There is no typical protist

4
PROTISTS

• ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY
• Early eukaryotes developed symbiotic
  relationships with prokaryotic cells
• Prokaryotic cells lived inside eukaryotic cells
• Over time, the smaller prokaryotic cells evolved
  with the eukaryotic cells to become mitochondria
  and chloroplasts

5
Evolution of First Eukaryote(s)

• Forces leading to eukaryote
• Increases in size
• Increases in complexity

• Mechanisms
• Infolding of cell membrane
• Serial endosymbiosis of membrane-bound organelles

6
Classification of Protist

• 3 basic types based on how they obtain their
  nutrients
• Protozoa
• Animal-like
• All unicellular
• Plantlike
• Resemble plants because they are autotrophs
• Do not have roots, stems, and leaves
• Funguslike protist
• Resemble fungi because they decompose dead
  organisms

7
PROTIST CLASSFICATION

• Separated by feeding habits (nutrition)
• Autotrophic
• Able to make own food
• Photosynthetic 30-40 of all photosynthesis
  worldwide is done by algae
• Heterotrophic
• Must eat other material
• Unicellular
• May be predators, decomposers, or parasites

8
PROTISTS

• ANIMAL LIKE PROTISTS PROTOZOA
• Classified by method of movement
• PLANT LIKE PROTISTS ALGAE
• Classified by pigment color
• FUNGUS LIKE PROTISTS MOLDS
• Classified by body form

9
Watch video on Protists

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v-zsdYOgTbOkfeature
  player_detailpage

10
20-2 Animal-like Protists Protozoans

• Protozoan first animals

11
What is a Protozoan?

• All are unicellular heterotrophs
• Feed on other organisms or dead matter
• Typically reproduce asexually but can reproduce
  sexually
• Grouped by method of movement (4)
• Zooflagellates flagella
• Sarcodines pseudopods
• Ciliates cilia
• Sporozoans non-motile do not move

12
Protozoans

• classified by the 4 ways they move

1) Cilia -
tiny beating hair-like structures

• Coordinated movement between individual cilia

2) Flagellum(a) -
whip-like tail(s)

• Back and forth wave motion

13
Protozoans

• classified by the 4 ways they move

3) Pseudopodia -
projection of cytoplasm that sticks out like a
foot (false foot)
4) Sessile -
No locomotion (_________)
movement
14
Phylum Zoomastigina

• Often called flagellates because they move using
  1 or 2 flagella
• Absorb food by diffusion through cell membrane
• Live off of dead or decaying organic matter or
  some are parasites
• Reproduce asexually by mitosis and cytokinesis
• Sexually by meiosis

15
Trichonympha
Trichonympha lives in the gut of termites and
helps termite digest cellulose in wood.
symbiotic relationship MUTUALISM
16
One flagellate, Trypanosoma, causes African
Sleeping Sickness
1) Infected Tsetse fly bites human, 2)
Trypanosoma enters blood stream, causes lethargy,
swollen lymph nodes, 3) effects central nervous
system and causes death if not treated.
Every day, about 100 people die from the disease.
Every day, about 100 people die from the disease.
17
Trypanosoma
18
Giardia

• Giardiasis transmission by contaminated water
• Causes diarrea and vomiting
• ALWAYS BOIL WATER WHEN CAMPING boiling water
  will kill giardia

19
PHYLUM SARCODINA

• Live in moist places (most live in saltwater)
• irregular shape
• Amoeboid movement - move by pushing out
  extensions of cytoplasm called pseudopodia (false
  foot)
• Plasmolemma elastic cell membrane
• NO cell wall
• Cytoplasm is divided into ectoplasm and endoplasm
• Nucleus, contractile vacuole, food vacuole
• During extreme conditions some form cysts
• Example Amoeba proteus

20
Amoeba proteus quiz

Endoplasm





Ectoplasm

Know all structures and their functions!
21
Ameoboid movement

• Click on the link below to watch ameoboid
  movement
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vPsYpngBG394feature
  player_detailpage

22
Amoeba proteus

• feeding sequence

• psuedopodia surround and engulf food particle

• process called phagocytosis

23
Watch video of amoeba feeding

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vW6rnhiMxtKUfeature
  player_detailpage

24
Foraminferans and HelizoansShelled Sarcodines
25
Ciliates

• Phylum Ciliophora
• Live in any aquatic habitat
• Use cilia for feeding and movement
• Examples
• Paramecium
• Typically undergoes asexually but can undergo
  conjugation (exchange of genetic material)

26
PHYLUM CILIOPHORA

• Ciliates found in fresh and salt water usually
  free-living, most are larger than other protozoa
• Pellicle, cilia, ectoplasm, endoplasm, food
  vacuole, contractile vacuole
• Micronucleus (exchanged during conjugation)
• Macronucleus (controls daily functions)

27
PHYLUM CILIOPHORA

• TRICHOCYSTS spindle shaped alternating between
  bases of cilia used as anchor and to paralyze
  prey
• Oral groove shallow furrow on one side of cell
  used to gather food
• Locomotion cilia avoiding reaction ? contact
  with unfavorable conditions and will move away
• Reacts to contact, temperature, gravity, water
  currents, electric currents, acidity and other
  chemicals

28
Paramecium caudatum
Anal pore
Know each term in the diagram
29

• Reproduction
• Mitosis every 6-12 hours
• Conjugation become sticky and adhere to each
  other at oral groove and exchange nuclear
  material
• Example paramecium

30
Quiz yourself
4
3
1
5
2
6
7
9
10
8
31
Paramecium movement

• Unicellular, slipper-shaped

• move by coordinated beating of many cilia

32
Watch a paramecium feeding

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?featureplayer_detail
  pagevzS0f82ZJtvk

33
Paramecium food to waste pathway
34
Undulating membrane in groove (ciliary)
Oral groove on surface
Macronucleus w/ micronuclei behind
Cilia
Food particles
Site of cell anus
35
Paramecium reproduction
1. Binary fission (________)
asexual
nucleus
N
F
Fission plane
36

• Paramecium reproduction

sexual
2. Conjugation (________)

• Form structure called conjugation tube to
  exchange genetic material
• Micronucleus is exchanged

37
Watch a paramecium reproducing

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vK0ZP8VtxUZ0feature
  player_detailpage

38
Sporozoans

• Most produce spores
• All are parasites
• Found in blood or intestines
• Example
• Plasmodium
• Genus that causes malaria in humans
• Transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes
• More than 300-500 million people have malaria
  1.5-2.7 million die of malaria every year

39
(No Transcript)
40
Chloroquine drug used to treat malaria BUT..
41
Toxoplasma (not in book)
42
Cryptosporidium (not in book)
Can be a problem in public splash areas