Equity- Equality- Inclusion: Normative principles in development

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Equity- Equality- Inclusion Normative
principles in development

• Gabriele Köhler
• Development economist, Munich
• Visiting Fellow, IDS, Sussex
• office_at_gabrielekoehler.net
• G.Koehler_at_ids.ac.uk
• www.gabrielekoehler.net

• Ludwig Maximilians University
• PhD-Program International Health
• Module I
• Munich, 14 December 2011

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Overview of presentation

1. Normative framework
2. Developmental role of human development, human
   rights, equity income poverty, human development
   concept, social exclusion
3. Policies for human development, human rights,
   equity

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I.) Normative frameworks

• From physical investment to social capital from
  the UN development decades to human development
• From the UNs social summits of the 1990s to the
  Millennium Declaration in 2000
• From the Millenium Declaration to a new
  development constellation with multi-polar views
  and trends

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I.) Normative frameworks

• ?Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
• comprehensive normative framework
• The 2 Covenants 1966
• on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
• on Civil and Political Rights
• The Right to Development 1986
• economic, social, cultural and political
  development
• International Convention on the Elimination of
  All Forms of Racial Discrimination 1969 (CERD)
• Convention on the Eradication of all Forms of
  Discrimination against Women 1979 (CEDAW)
• Convention on the Rights of the Child 1990 (CRC)

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I.) Normative frameworks

• Recent developments Emergence of rights
  oriented conventions and instruments in the UN
  context
• FAO 2004, Voluntary Guidelines to Support the
  Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate
  Food in the Context of National Food Security -
  includes livelihoods and land reform
• World Health Assembly 2008 - return to Alma Ata
  primary health care for all
• Global Social Floor Initiative since 2009
  striving for an ILO Recommendation on Social
  Protection for all 2012
• MDGs 2010 more emphasis on equity, inclusion,
  human rights
• Special rapporteurs - experts of OHCHR combining
  the humanist with the intellectual

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I.) Normative frameworks

• The Office of the High Commissioner on Human
  Rights and the roles of the Special Rapporteurs
• on poverty
• the right to food
• education
• adequate housing
• safe drinking water and sanitation
• violence against women
• right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest
  attainable standard of physical and mental
  health)
• and other substantive areas.

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II.) The developmental role of human development,
human rights, and equity

• Income poverty
• The concept of human development and some
  reflections
• The concept of social exclusion

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(1) Income poverty

• Poverty is often defined as living below a
  defined poverty line, and halving poverty is one
  of the MDGs.

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(1) Global income poverty
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Income poverty

• But number of extremely poor in Sub-Saharan
  Africa and South Asia increased
• using 1.25 per personday income poverty measure
• Number of poor and vulnerable people
• 2.5 billion persons
• using 2 per personday income poverty measure

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(2) The concept of human development

• A systematic examination of how human beings in
  each society live and what substantive freedoms
  they enjoy
• A notion of the broadening of choices
• Based on the idea that economic and social
  development matter

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(2) The concept of human development

• The Human Development Reports (HDRs) of UNDP in
  1990 introduced a 3-pronged definition of human
  development
• Distinctive human development discourse
• Longevity
• Educational attainment
• incomes
• Concept adjusted for gender, for equity, and for
  multidimensional aspects of poverty
• (UNDP Human Development Report 2010)

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Worldwide trends in the Human Development Index,
1970-2010
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Weak relationship between economic growth and
changes in health and education
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Wellbeing

• Different discourses
• Wellbeing as objective, subjective and relational
• Multidimensional poverty
• Missing domains

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Absolute poverty in Asia, Europe and Latin
America
Sources World Bank (2009), Gallup (2010)
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Absolute poverty in Africa
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A success story?

• A lower-middle income country
• Average 5 annual growth rate since 1990
• 60 of budget dedicated to social sectors
• Nearly 100 primary enrollment in 2008
• 80 health care coverage
• Prudent public debt management (42.8 of GDP in
  2009)
• 3 fiscal deficit
• Inflation at approx. 3 in the 2000s

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Tunisia
Source OECD/AfDB/UNECA (2010), African Economic
Outlook
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Higher average incomes, better health and
improved education do not automatically mean
higher life satisfaction
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3. The impact of social exclusion

• Systematic social exclusions are the result of
  the intersecting inequalities
• Cultural inequalities
• Spatial inequalities
• Economic inequalities
• Political inequalities
• The interaction of the exclusions explains the
  persistence of social exclusion over time. (
  Naila Kabeer)

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Vectors of social exclusion

• Income/economic class/ access to productive
  assets
• Caste/clan
• Ethnicity
• Faith
• Language
• Health condition/communicable/visible diseases
• Ability/disability
• Geographic location/distance/urban vs rural
• Citizenship and migration status
• Condition of menstruation
• Sexual orientation
• Recurrent emergency situations
• Conflict situation
• Age

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(3) Impact of Social Exclusion

• MDG outcomes perform worse among socially
  excluded groups they need special measures to
  enable them to claim their rights to social
  services and public goods
• Disparities based on social exclusion must be
  made more visible
• Policies to address the inequities resulting from
  exclusion are needed

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Intergenerational education impact on child
situations
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Religious affiliation and deprivations, Bhutan
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Literacy rate of population aged 15 years and
above by yearly HH income (Rural Myanmar)

• Data Source Ohnmar, Than-Tun-Sein, Ko-Ko-Zaw,
  Saw-Saw and Soe-Win. Household Income, Health and
  Education in Rural Myanmar. SOUTHEAST ASIAN J
  TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH Volume 36 No 2 March 2005
  , p532

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Ethnic identity and school enrolment, Myanmar

• Data Source IDMC (2003). Conflict, poverty and
  language difference behind low school attendance
  in the ethnic states. Access to Education. Found
  on http//www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/websi
  te/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/17362FE0A66DDFA38
  02570B8005AAA68?OpenDocument

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III. Policies for human development, human
rights, and equity
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Promoting equity, equality and inclusion

• Equality is the principle that all human beings
  are equal and have equal rights
• Equity is a principle that refers to fairness of
  treatment according to needs and specific
  requirements.

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Approaches to address income poverty

• Employment and decent work as the key response
• Agricultural development, land reform, and rural
  off-farm employment opportunities, access to
  agricultural inputs and to (micro-) credit
• Social protection as a core mechanism social
  protection floors
• Systematic income redistribution

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New approaches to socio-economic policy decent
work agenda

• Global jobs pact policies
• Retain employed in employment/rapid
  reentry/sustain enterprises/maintain wage levels
• Support job creation/investment in
  employment-intensive sectors/green jobs
• Protect persons/families affected social
  protection
• Enhance support to women, men, youth
• Act simultaneously on labour demand and supply
• Equip workers with skills for today and
  tomorrow
• Use public employment guarantees, include
  informal economy
• Increase investment in infrastructure, RD,
  public services and green production
• Respect international labour standards

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Social Protection Floor
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Global social protection floor

• Movement to adopt a social floor
  recommendation at 2012 ILO Conference
• http//www.gopetition.com/petitions/signature-camp
  aign-social-protection-floor.html

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Policy approaches to create equitable access to
social services

• Ensure universal free social services delivery
• underpinned by health insurance in the case of
  health services
• Equitable access to services, geographically and
  socially
• Ensure equal quality of services staffing,
  people skills and material resources
• Ensure cultural sensitivity
• Ensure transparent information
• Enable inclusive participatory programming and
  participation
• Valorise community-based services

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Policy approaches to address exclusion

• Include compensatory/reparatory measures to
  overcome generational exclusion redress
  mechanisms
• Address on-going exclusion and discrimination-affi
  rmative action (reservation, representation,
  protective legislations, budget allocations,
  social protection cash transfers)
• Protect against violence
• Address impunity
• Support public education to address
  discrimination and exclusion
• Ensure inclusive health services
• Change disparaging language and designations
• Enable inclusive programming-empowerment

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Policy approachesUniversalism and targeting

• Universalism is an approach in social policy that
  is rights based,and hence strives to cover all
  citizens with a social policy service or
  transfer, usually using taxes or other public
  resources to fund the intervention.
• Targeting is a needs-based approach, covering
  those most vulnerable or the poorest as a
  priority, because funds are limited.

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Emerging innovations in policy discourse

• Multidimensional understanding of poverty
• Attention to employment and decent work
• Push for social protection social protection
  floors
• Stronger emphasis on maternal and child health
• Recognition social exclusion with much more focus
  on equity policies
• A discussion of tax reform incl progressive
  taxation
• Recognition of the role of agriculture, rural
  development and the need for some kind of land
  reform
• Universalism, social contract, rights based
  approach
• Acknowledgement of the role of the state

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Emerging innovations in policy discourse

• G20 Cannes final declaration (2011)
• Global strategy for growth and jobs
• Employment and social protection
• More stable resilient international monetary
  system
• Deepening financial sector reforms
• Addressing food price volatility, increasing
  agricultural productivity
• Improving functioning of energy markets
• Pursuing fight against climate change
• Reinforcing multilateral trading system
• Development investing for global growth
• Fight against corruption
• Intensifying fight against corruption
• Governance

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DiscussionHealth policies and inequities

• How to address inequities in access,
  affordability and coverage
• What are the issues in your country
• Advantages and disadvantages of either targeting
  or universal approaches
• In general
• In the health sector

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References

•  
• Sabine Alkire 2011, Oxford Poverty Human
  Development Initiative OPHI. OPHI HDCA
  Summerschool 2011 Oxford Department of
  International Development. Queen Elizabeth House,
  University of Oxford. http//www.ophi.org.uk/teach
  ing/short-courses/2011-summerschool/
• Michelle Bachelet 2011. Social protection floor
  for a fair and inclusive globalization. Report of
  the Advisory Group chaired by Michelle Bachelet
  Convened by the ILO with the collaboration of the
  WHO. ILO 2011. www.ilo.org
• Johannes Jütting, Jan Rieländer, Christopher
  Garroway 2011. Social cohesion - a useful
  framework for assessing social progress in fast
  growing countries.. Powerpoint presentation based
  on Perspectives on Global Development 2012.
  Social Cohesion in a Shifting World. OECD
  Development Centre
• Naila Kabeer, Can the MDGs provide a pathway to
  social justice. The challenge of intersecting
  inequalities. IDS and UN MDG Achievement Fund.
  2010. www.ids.ac.uk
• Gabriele Köhler, Policies towards social
  inclusion. Global Social Policy. April 2009 pp.
  24-29, Sage publications (have requested
  journals permission for access)
• Gabriele Köhler, Des Gasper, Richard Jolly, Mara
  Simane 2011. Deepening the MDGs human security.
  Conference on MDGs beyond 2015. German
  Development Institute. Bonn. November 2011.
  http//www.die-gdi.de/CMS-Homepage/openwebcms3_e.n
  sf/(ynDK_contentByKey)/MPHG-8JB9BB/FILE/2-220Koe
  hler20et20al20201120Human20security.pdf
• UN. Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
  http//www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/
• UN 1969. International Convention on the
  Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
  http//www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cerd.htm
• UN 1979 Convention on the Eradication of all
  Forms of Discrimation against Women,
  http//www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econve
  ntion.htm