UNIT 5 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON (1789-1815) CHAPTER 23

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UNIT 5THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON
(1789-1815)CHAPTER 23
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PART 1 REGENTS NOTES
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CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

• Under the Old Regime in France, the burden of
  taxation fell mostly on the commoners making it
  highly unequal
• Before the Revolution, the people of France were
  divided into Three Estates based on social class
• Many people felt the monarchy and government were
  denying basic human rights and failed to meet the
  needs of the people
• The French Revolution challenged the power of the
  monarch
• The bourgeoisie (educated middle class) resented
  their lack of political power under the Old
  Regime hey made up a large part of the Third
  Estate

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OLD REGIME
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EFFECTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

• It was a turning point in global history because
  it inspired other nations to seek democracy and
  independence
• Power shifted to the bourgeoisie, so the middle
  class gained influence
• After Napoleons downfall in 1815, nationalistic
  feelings were stimulated in Europe and Latin
  America
• The Revolution allowed radical political groups
  like the Jacobins to come to power

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REIGN OF TERROR

• French dictator Robespierre took power after
  Louis XVI was abdicated (taken out of power)
• He ushered in the Reign of Terror
• Anyone perceived to be an enemy would be executed
  by the guillotine
• He executed members of every class in France

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NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

• One major effect of his rule was that he restored
  political stability
• The French people supported him because they
  hoped he would provide stability for the nation
• He failed to expand his empire into Russia
  because of the countrys size and climate (cold,
  harsh weather)

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CONGRESS OF VIENNA

• In 1815, this organization of European nations
  wanted to restore old monarchies and regimes to
  power
• The Congress established a balance of power in
  Europe after the defeat of Napoleon

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PART 2 CHAPTER 23 NOTES
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THE OLD ORDER

• Old Regimesocial and political system in France
  during the 1770s
• Estatesthree social classes of Frances Old
  Regime
• First Estate - Catholic clergyown 10 percent
  land, pay few taxes
• Second Estate - rich nobles2 percent population,
  own 20 percent land
• The Third Estate - 97 percent of people are
  peasants, urban workers, middle class, have few
  privileges, pay almost all of the taxes, want
  change

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FRENCH NUNS (CATHOLIC CHURCH)
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FRENCH PEASANTS
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THE FORCES OF CHANGE

• Bourgeoisie middle class group who embraced
  Enlightenment idea
• High taxes and rising costs damage economy by
  1780s
• King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette
  known for extravagance Louis doubles nations
  debt
• He calls Estates-General on May 5, 1789 - meeting
  of representatives from all three estates to
  approve a new tax he wanted to impose on the
  Second Estate
• First time Estates-General met in 175 years

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ESTATES-GENERAL
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BOURGEOISIE (MIDDLE CLASS)
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NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

• June 17, 1789
• Delegates, who represented the Third Estate,
  proclaimed the end of absolute monarchy and the
  beginning of a representative government
• Tennis Court Oathdelegates decide to write new
  constitution for France

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BASTILLE DAY

• July 14, 1789
• Rumors spread in Paris that Louis was going to
  use military force to suppress the National
  Assembly
• Mob attacks and seizes the Bastille (French
  prison) they killed guards in an effort to steal
  gunpowder to defend Paris
• Event known as Storming the Bastille
• Symbolic act of the revolution national holiday

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STORMING THE BASTILLE
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GREAT FEAR

• Rumors and panic spread throughout France
• Attacks by peasants taking place across France
• Peasants destroy legal papers binding them to
  feudal system
• In October 1789, Parisian women revolt over
  rising price of bread
• They demand action, forcing Louis to return from
  Versailles to Paris

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DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN

• National Assembly adopts Declaration of the
  Rights of Man and of the Citizen
• Revolutionary leaders use the slogan, Liberty,
  Equality, Fraternity
• The document stated that men are born and remain
  free and equal in rights
• Document guaranteed freedom of speech and
  religion

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DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN
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CHANGES IN THE CHURCH

• National Assembly seizes church lands and turns
  clergy into public officials
• This caused the new government to lose the
  support of peasants

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NEW GOVERNMENT

• In September 1791, Assembly finishes new
  constitution
• Legislative Assemblynew body created to pass
  laws
• Major problems, including debt, food shortages
  remain
• Assembly split into Radicals, Moderates,
  Conservatives

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JACOBINS

• Jacobins - radical political organization behind
  1792 governmental changes
• Louis XVI is found guilty of treason and beheaded
  
• Guillotinemachine designed during the Revolution
  to behead people

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LOUIS XVI IS EXECUTED
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ROBESPIERRE

• Maximilien RobespierreJacobin leader rules
  France for a year in 1793
• Becomes leader of the Committee for Public Safety
  and a dictator
• The Committee for Public Safety imposed his
  Reign of Terror

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REIGN OF TERROR

• Robespierres rule, which includes killing many
  opponents
• Thousands die during the Terror, including former
  allies and Marie Antoinette
• 85 percent of those who die during the Terror are
  middle or lower class but no one was safe from
  the guillotine
• In July 1794, Robespierre arrested, executed by
  his fellow revolutionaries
• Two-house legislature and five-man Directory
  restore order and lead the new government

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NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

• He was a military genius who seizes power in
  France and made himself emperor
• In 1795, Napoleon defeats royalist rebels
  attacking National Convention and was declared a
  military hero
• Napoleon wins stunning victories in Italy,
  gaining popularity
• In November 1799, he carries out a coup détat
  (seizure of power) and overthrows the Directory

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NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
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NAPOLEON RULES FRANCE

• In 1800, a new constitution is approved through a
  plebiscite (vote of the people)
• To fix economy, he sets up national banking
  system, efficient tax collection, and a fairer
  tax code
• Establishes government-run public schools to
  train officials
• Signs concordatagreementwith pope restoring
  Catholicism in France
• Creates Napoleonic Codeuniform system of laws
• Napoleon did not expand freedom of speech for the
  French
• In December 1804, Napoleon crowns himself emperor
  of France

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NAPOLEONIC CODE
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NAPOLEON CREATES AN EMPIRE

• Sells the Louisiana Territory to United States
  for 15 million in 1803 to raise money, cut his
  losses in America, and to increase Americas
  power as a British rival
• Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden join forces
  against Napoleon
• Napoleon conquers a large portion of Europe by
  crushing enemy forces in several brilliant
  battles
• Napoleon forces Austria, Russia, Sweden to sign
  peace treaties

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NAPOLEONS EMPIRE (1810)
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NAPOLEONS EMPIRE (1812)
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THE BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR

• In 1805, British win Battle of Trafalgar which
  ensures British naval superiority
• Using a brilliant and bold maneuver, British
  Admiral Horatio Nelson split up the French fleet
  into smaller groups and then attacked them
• This defeat forces Napoleon to give up his plan
  to invade Britain

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NAPOLEON RIDES INTO BATTLE
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THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM

• Napoleon strikes Britain through blockade (forced
  closing of ports)
• Continental System - economic plan to strengthen
  Europe, weaken Britain
• Smugglers and uncooperative allies make Frances
  blockade fail
• Britain responds with blockade of its own, led by
  its stronger navy

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THE PENINSULAR WAR

• In 1808, Napoleon sends troops across Spain to
  attack Portugal in an effort to enforce his
  Continental System
• Napoleon makes his brother king of Spain, making
  things worse
• Spanish fight as guerrillas (small groups that
  attacked and then fled into hiding)
• British aid Spanish guerrillas
• Napoleon loses 300,000 soldiers during this war
• Nationalist rebels fight the French in other
  conquered territories

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THE PENINSULAR WAR
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THE INVASION OF RUSSIA

• Relations with Russia break down so Napoleon
  decides to invade
• In June 1812, Napoleons Grand Army marches into
  Russia with 420,000 men
• Czar Alexander I used a scorched-earth policy
  (destroying crops and livestock) so French would
  starve
• Russians retreat from Moscow after being defeated
  at Battle of Borodino
• Napoleons forces move on to Moscow Alexander
  burned the city rather than surrender it to the
  French
• Napoleon eventually retreated after losing
  thousands of soldiers to Russian raiders,
  starvation, and cold weather

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NAPOLEON RETREATS FROM MOSCOW, RUSSIA
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CZAR ALEXANDER I
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NAPOLEONS DOWNFALL

• Britain, Prussia, Sweden, Russia, Austria join
  forces against Napoleon
• Napoleon raises another army, but meets quick
  defeat by allied powers
• April 1814 - Napoleon finally surrenders and is
  exiled to island of Elba

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THE HUNDRED DAYS

• Louis XVIII, new king, is soon overthrown and
  Napoleon returns from exile
• Battle of Waterloo - British and Prussian forces
  led by the Duke of Wellington defeat Napoleons
  army in June 1815
• This defeat ends the Hundred Days which was
  Napoleons last attempt at power
• British send Napoleon to the island of St. Helena
  where he eventually died in 1821
• Freed European countries began to establish a new
  order

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BATTLE OF WATERLOO
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BATTLE OF WATERLOO
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DUKE OF WELLINGTON
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NAPOLEON IS EXILED
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CONGRESS OF VIENNA

• Series of meetings that reshape Europe during the
  winter of 1814-1815
• Klemens von Metternich - foreign minister of
  Austria who was an influential leader at Congress
• He wanted to restore a balance of power so that
  no one country would be a threat to others
• Main goal establish security and stability for
  the nations of Europe
• Important effect nationalistic feelings grew in
  countries that were placed under foreign rule
  (ex Latin American countries)

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CONGRESS OF VIENNA