Title: Zachary%20Tigert,%20Courtney%20Flowers,%20Emily%20Casey,%20Moriah%20Balingit,%20Jessica%20Bryan,%20Rob%20Wyman
1Blue Group!
- Zachary Tigert, Courtney Flowers, Emily Casey,
Moriah Balingit, Jessica Bryan, Rob Wyman
2Our Oil Production Distribution Systems
3History
- The American petroleum industry began with the
discovery of oil in 1859 in Pennsylvania. - While it was known that oil existed off of the
eastern seaboard in 1775, the first oil drill
operation began in 1859. Oil was struck 69 feet
below the surface. - Today, the U.S. investment in the oil industry
stands at half a trillion dollars in wells,
refineries and distribution systems. The
industry employs 1.5 million people directly and
6 million indirectly. - Sources The Petroleum Industry Today.
http//www.midwestnpioneer.org/central/conoco.html
and - http//college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/h
tml/rc_066100_oilindustry.htm. Houghton Mifflin,
college division.
4Oil Pipelines
- Currently, there exists roughly 95,000 miles of
crude oil pipelines that connect the major U.S.
markets. - However, these existing lines cannot be used to
transport hydrogen because of diffusion losses,
brittleness of materials and compressor
incompatibilities. Also, hydrogen lines must be
larger than the current 8-24 inch diameter lines.
- Major lines cost roughly 5 million a mile.
5Gas Stations
- As of 1998, there were 187,097 retail stations
selling motor fuel in the U.S. - The U.S. population in 1998 was roughly 270
million which averages to one gas station per
1,443 people. - A medium sized filling station sells roughly 26
metric tons of gasoline a day. Currently, this
fuel can be supplied by one truck. However, it
would take 22 tube-trailer hydrogen trucks or 3
liquid hydrogen trucks to deliver the same amount
of energy. - The transfer of the hydrogen from these trucks to
underground storage tanks would also take much
longer than draining gas from one truck. - Likely, storage tanks will need to be unearthed
and retrofitted to store hydrogen, not gas.
6Problems with Production
7Problems with Production
- Myth Hydrogen is an abundantly available fuel.
- Fact Sure, hydrogen is the most common element
in the universe. But hydrogen molecules are
bound up in other molecules and we have to expend
energy to get them out of other stuff.
8How its done
- Now
- Hydrogen is a feedstock for chemical production
- Steam reforming from natural gas (48) and Oil
(30) - Electrolysis (4)
- Coal Gasification (18)
- Possibilities for the future
- Clean Coal and Natural Gas
- Renewable Electrolysis
- Thermo-chemical
9Natural Gas
- Currently the cheapest and most efficient way to
produce hydrogen - Steam and methane are mixed in a reactor at high
temperatures (700 C 1100 C) in the presence of
a metal catalyst to create hydrogen gas and
carbon monoxide - The United States produces about 9 megatons of
hydrogen a year this way
10Problems with Natural Gas
- Problems
- Doesnt eliminate reliance on natural gas
- Doesnt reduce hydrocarbon emissions
- Requires energy to heat water and methane
- Price dependent on cost of natural gas
11Coal
- How it works
- Gaseous coal is mixed with oxygen and steam under
really really really high pressures and
temperatures to produce carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide and hydrogen gas - Problems
- It produces harmful emissions carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide and sulfur - Coal mining bad for landscape
- It costs twice as much as natural gas
12Electrolysis
- How it works
- An electric current is run through water and it
separates into its negatively charged (hydrogen)
molecules and its positively charged (oxygen)
molecules - Efficiency38.4 kwh/kg of hydrogen
13Problems with Electrolysis
- If the electricity going into the process is
produced by a coal-fired plant it would take
140.8 kwh of energy to produce one kilogram of
hydrogen - Considering a fuel cell produces about 23.3
kwh/kg hydrogen, its not a lot of bang for your
buckand its a heck of a lot more expensive than
steam reforming - It requires pure water
- Conclusion Put the electricity back into the
grid or right into the car
14Renewable Electrolysis
- Advocates say renewable energy sources could be
used to produce the electricity necessary for
electrolysis - Problems
- It would take 3.75 trillion kwh of electricity to
perform electrolysis to deliver hydrogen to a
hydrogen-fueled U.S. car fleet - Examining current renewable energy capabilities
- (https//blackboard.uoregon.edu/webapps/portal/fra
meset.jsp?tabcoursesurl/bin/common/course.pl?co
urse_id_203859_1) - -its just not realistic
- -plus, you could just put that energy back into
the grid
15Clean Coal and Natural Gas Reforming
- Same technology for gasification
- Eliminates emissions through carbon sequestration
- Problems
- Only economical for large scale plants
- Would add about 0.30 - 0.50 per kg hydrogen to
sequester hydrogen - Technology still far from being developed
- Technology hasnt addressed other emissions
16Thermo-chemical
- Water is heated to extremely high temperature
(800-1000 C) and combined with other elements to
create dissociation - Greater efficiency than electrolysis
- Problems
- Requires a high energy input to heat the water to
that temperature - Requires nuclear energy if its to be cost
effective
17Myth California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger
is pumping hydrogen into his new hydrogen
Hummer.Fact Theres nothing in that hose. And
the car doesnt even belong to him.
18Cost of Hydrogen
19Costs- The Challenge
- Past 50 years- cost of pressurized hydrogen (a
cylinder of about .6kg H2) is 100/kg H2 plus a
cylinder rental fee - For Hydrogen economy, we must achieve a cost that
of only a few /kg - This is not feasible at all in terms of cost for
energy production because of the efficiency
issues of producing hydrogen, and it is not
feasible for transportation usage because of
infrastructure costs
20Problems with H2 cost projections
- The intro.rate of H2 based vehicles is nearly
1/100th of what was expected - The price of natural gas has increased by a
factor of 10 in the last 30 yrs. and 3 in the
last 6 (2004) and is likely to increase by more
than another factor of 2 in the next 15 yrs.
21More Problems
- Small H2 dispensing stations cost about 600,000-
10x more than originally expected - H2 storage costs in amounts less than tens of
thousands of kgs. are 100x greater than for
fossil fuels and biofuels
22NG-H2 Prices
23Fueling the H2 car
24Costs- Conclusion and Alternative
- H2 is not an economically feasible alternative to
gasoline with projections of several dollars per
kilogram - Diesel and biodiesel are more promising as
transportation alternatives- they could be as low
as .5/kg and .6/kg respectively
25Infrastructure Trasportation
26Hydrogen Car
- Best Case Scenario
- Starts Production 2010
- The problem
- 500,000,000 gas powered vehicles in the US
27Pipeline
- Energy-intensive
- 3.8 times more energy than NG
- Hydrogen loss over distance
- .77 per 100km
- (thats 62 miles for those of you who cant
think in the metric system)
28Hydrogen goes 3000 Km
29Heating and Electricity The Inefficiencies of
Hydrogen
30Outline
- Expense of Producing Hydrogen
- The Finite Resource of Water
- Alternatives
- Political Factors
31Expense of Producing Hydrogen
- Rare Platinum as a Catalyst in the Fuel Cells
- Storage of Hydrogen
- As a gas the inefficiencies
32The Water Factor
- Fresh Water Needed
- Earths water supply
- We need to save some clean water for us!
- 96 of Earths water is in oceans and saline
- 99.7 of all the water on Earth is not available
for human and animal consumption
33Alternatives?
Maybe Hydrogen is not the cure all!
34- Biofuels ethanol, waste, biodiesel
- Electricity (it has worked thus farwhy not in
the future?) - Electricity?Hydrogen? Electricity
- That seems inefficient
35Hydrogen Timeline
- Presidents Hydrogen Initiative warns that
Hydrogen is not panacea - Over-sold to the public
- Unrealistic expectations about timeframe
- Transition periods of several decades
- Careful coordination of dev takes time
- Early commitment to hydrogen fuel unwise risks
technological lock-in
36Alternatives
- Major report recommends develop diverse portfolio
- Electric Vehicles / Plug-in Hybrids
- Biofuels (Cellulosic ethanol)
- Biodiesel / Synthetic diesel
- Direct application of electricity derived from
renewable energy sources
37The Politics of Hydrogen
- Too much Lip service, not enough money
- 1.2 billion to hydrogen, also 1.5 billion to
healthy marriages - Monthly tab Iraq 3.9 billion
- 2004 Department of energy spent more nuclear and
fossil fuel - FreedomCAR program required to create hydrogen
powered car, not sell one
38Investment Willingness Catch 22
- Financial risks involved in dev of H2 technology
are significant. - Oil companies not will to invest if only handful
hydrogen cars. - Automakers not willing to make hydrogen cars if
nowhere fill them. - Retrofitting just 25 refueling stations more
than 13 billion.
39Politics!!
- The Bush Factor
- Unfeasibility of transforming the world, or even
the United States in just thirty years - We are dependant on foreign oil (duh!) from
countries who do not like us. Hydrogen will not
be the solution
40The End!