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A1258568670Nrcbv
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What is happening here? Is it a road system? Another set of land development? ... home-made tools (e.g. parang) Modern - bigger scale / bigger area ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation
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Title: A1258568670Nrcbv
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What is happening here?
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Is it a road system?
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Another set of land development?
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Contents of the Lecture
- Changes in forest landscape
- Causes of Degradation
- Levels of Degradation
- Types of Reforestation
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Changes inForest Landscape
Source Jan Falck (2005)
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Virgin forest
Urban, agric, fallow
1
4
2
3
Changes in land-use pattern over time
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Typical Land-use Pattern
Source Jan Falck (2005)
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Causes of Forest Degradation
- Forest Dwelling
- Shifting Cultivation
- Harvesting
- Land Conversion
Source Lim, M. T. 1992
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Extent of Degraded Forest(Malaysia)
Region Area (ha)
Pen. Malaysia 174,000
Sarawak 3,330,000
Sabah 1,100,000
Total 4,604,000
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Steps in Reforestation
- Restoration
- Rehabilitation
- Reclamation
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Restoration
- Definition?
- To bring back to a former/original condition
- Working area?
- Minimum damage
- Input?
- Very minimum
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Rehabilitation
- Definition?
- To put back into good condition
- Working area?
- Minimum damage
- Input?
- Minimum
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Restoration Rehabilitation
- Techniques?
- - Can be carried out before and after harvest
- e.g., SMS vs. EP
- - Use mostly natural artificial means
- Working area?
- Minimum damage with some natural recovery
- e.g. EP
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Reclamation
- Definition?
- To bring back what was formerly lost
- Working area?
- Maximum damage (heavily degraded ? conversion
forest) - Input?
- Maximum
- e.g. Forest plantation, planting in timber
landing sites
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Summary
- Causes of Degradation
- Levels of Degradation
- Types of Reforestation
- Restoration
- Rehabilitation
- Reclamation
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Detailed Diagrams
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Forest Dwelling
- Orang Asli / Penan etc
- Depends solely on the forest
- Small usage in nature
- Minor disturbance ? natural recovery
back
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Shifting Cultivation
- Traditional
- - small scale / small area
- - mainly for daily consumption
- - home-made tools (e.g. parang)
- Modern
- - bigger scale / bigger area
- due to several factors population, demand,
modern - tools
- - for economic income
- - sometimes used by outsiders
back
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Harvesting
- Extent depends on
- - demand
- - techniques and tools
- - control vs. uncontrolled
- Light (small) ? medium ? large disturbance
back
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Land Conversion
- Urbanization leads to forest conversion
- - population increase
- - demand for urban areas (housing,
- industries, recreation etc)
- - economic needs
- Mostly converted into urban areas agriculture
land
back
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Enrichment planting
- Appanah Weinland (1993)
- The process of supplementing the natural
regeneration where it is insufficient, with
seedlings specially raised for the purpose - When?
- Stocking of new regeneration is inadequate
- Harvesting was carried out despite the lack of
seedlings of economic species - Examples
- MUS SMS
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Plantation
- As part of Reclamation
- Lack of natural forests (import vs. plant)
- Demand for natural forests exceeds their
sustainability - Demand for certain species is high, e.g. teak
rubber - Any other reasons??
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Heavily Degraded
Intensive
Erosion control Soil amelioration Canopy cover?
OPEN
Less Intensive
Direct planting
Medium Degradation
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Light Degradation
Less Intensive
Line Direct planting Cluster Gap
SHADED
Medium Degradation
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