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Socialprofeminist Model
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Violence must be viewed as a consequence of social ... ( war, gang fighting) Instigating Stimuli. Stimuli Conductive to Violence. Precipitation event ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation
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Title: Socialprofeminist Model
1
Social/pro-feminist Model
- Sattel contends that violence and aggression are
a means to power - Violence must be viewed as a consequence of
social cultural context. - Our society gives men permission to be
aggressive, in fact encourages. - Institutions encourage men to be aggressive and
women to be dependent
2
Power and aggression
- We have created a society in which power is
defined as the ability to control others, with
violence as the ultimate form of control.
Children learn early in the home when violence is
approved and normalized. Children learn who gets
their way and who does not. Effects of
pornography as acceptable for men to view womens
role as to sexual pleasure for a mans need.
The primary message men receive is having someone
sexually vulnerable to you is the quintessential
signs of maleness and Power
3
Pro-feminist
- Socialization of children
- Boy competitive, aggressive, controlling
- Girls dependent, vulnerable, malleable
- Aggression is dominant response to gain and
maintain power - Being a man means calling all the shots
- Violence as a mode of coercive control ---
- thus POWER
4
Social Learning Theory
- Three components
- Social learning/Modeling
- Frustration
- Various instigating stimuli
5
Modeling
- Huemann (1984) found in longitudinal study over
two generations significant correltations between
agessiveness of children and parents. - He believes that children learn cognitive scripts
from models, which become strengthened by
rehearsal, repeated observation of live models,
viewing of violent films, and mental rehearsal in
childrens fantasy. - Thus, the question became how do mothers and
fathers serve as models.
6
General social learning
- Modeling is like vicarious conditioning an
individual imitates a model only if the model is
successful in reaching his/her goals with the
behavior in question. (positive reinforcement) - Banduras work
7
Learning theory
- Destructive aggression-
- Bandura Walters
- Imitation
- Physically aggressive punitive parents tend to
have physically aggressive children - Direct rewarding TV violence, acting out as a
means of getting what is wanted. - Punishment extremely severe punishment reduces
direct violence toward the punishing person is
associated with high levels of destructive
aggression towards other targets.
8
Socialisation/ learning approaches to aggression
9
Banduras research suggests that aggressive
behaviour might be learned both directly and
indirectly. Once learned, aggressive behaviour
is more likely to generalize to different
situations and across time This research also
had a broader social impact because it tapped
into peoples fears about the effects of violent
role models on childrens behaviour.
10
Social Learning Theory
- Banduras Bobo Doll experiment
- Modeling of aggressive behavior
11
Characteristics of models
- 1. The degree of similarity between the model
situation and the actual situation - 2. Identification with the model in question
- 3. Whether the model is successful or not
(vicarious reinforcement) - 4. The amount of exposure to the model situation
in question.
12
Learning theory, continued
- Peer Groups
- Norms of reference group (imitation or being
same) - Expectations for gain (may be acceptance) direct
reward - Violence is the expected mode of problem solving
in sub-cultures. - Symbols of violence on media (seen as referent
group behavior)
13
Cross-Cultural studies
- Adults who pressure children
- To be highly self-reliant
- Extreme high achievers
- Children exhibit high levels of anxiety whenever
they fail to be self-reliant/high achievers - Exclusive mother/son sleeping arrangements
(absence of father from room for prolonged
periods of over one year
14
Frustration
- Interference with ongoing goal directed activity
or violation of an individuals expectations - Early theories (Spense-Hull)
- Aggression is the naturally dominant response to
frustration - Frustration is an antecedent of aggression
15
Frustration
- Frustration increases motivation or energy level
of the individual. - As frustration increases the individual uses more
vigorous behaviors to end frustration. - These behaviors become fixed in habit
repertoire and are elicited by similar stimulus
situations. - Thus, responses to motivation state engendered by
frustration depends upon stimulus and past
learning.
16
Outcome of frustration
- High risk of violence when two groups are
pursuing one goal that only one can possess.
(war, gang fighting)
17
Instigating Stimuli
- Stimuli Conductive to Violence
- Precipitation event
- A low expectancy of punishment
- Ready availability of means (weapons)
- Alcohol intoxification (drugs also)
- Strong Obedience to Authority (Stanley Milgrom)
- Boredom/temperature
- Group contagion
18
Mob violence
- Social conditions (overcrowding)
- Conflict among group norms or violence
- scapegoating
- evil motives (implications)
- lack of leadership
- Poor communication
- Low expectation of punishment
- absence of social control
19
Modeling of parents
- Kaj Bjorkqvist
- Parental influcence on aggressiveness can be
explained by two mechanisms - an emotionally frustrating home atmosphere
- modeling
20
family study of aggression
- Four age groups of adolescents (11, 13, 15 17)
- Groups took the Anger Scale (this scale was
designed to investigate modeling process in
aggressive behavior). - Three versions of the scale
- father, mother and self
- what does you mother (or father or self) do when
she/he/you get angry? - Study looked at modeling effects of mother with
that of father on adolescents of both sexes, in
two types of environment at home and with peers.
21
Conclusion of family study
- 1. Regardless of sex, adolescents tend to
imitate mothers more when angry with peers, while
the impact of fathers is greater when they are
angry at home. - 2. Modeling effect of the same-sex parent is
relatively stronger than the effect of the parent
of the other sex. - 3. Mothers have a greater impact than fathers.
(this may be confounded with amount of exposure)
22
Conclusions, cont.
- Adolescent boys imitate the aggressive behavior
of their fathers more than that of mothers at
home while they imitate their mothers anger with
peers. - Adolescent girls on the other hand, imitate their
fathers and mothers equally when angry at home,
while with peers they imitate mother more.
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