Gaviiformes loons

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Neognathae - the traditionally recognized orders
Gaviiformes - loons Podicipediformes -
grebes Sphenisciformes - penguins Procellariiforme
s tubenoses albatrosses, shearwaters
(petrels), storm petrels, diving
petrels Pelecaniformes (polyphyletic)
totipalmate birds pelicans, tropicbirds, gannets
(boobies), darters (anhingas), cormorants,
frigatebirds Ciconiiformes (polyphyletic)
storks, herons, ibises, shoebill, hammerkop,
flamingos Anseriformes waterfowl screamers,
magpie goose, whistling ducks, ducks (swans,
geese) Falconiformes (polyphyletic) - diurnal
birds-of-prey New World vultures, hawks (eagles,
buzzards,kites), falcons, osprey,
secretarybird Galliformes fowl
mound-builders, currasows, pheasants (turkeys,
grouse, quail), guineafowl Gruiformes
(polyphyletic) cranes, rails, bustards,
seriemas, finfoots (sungrebe), sunbittern, kagu,
mesites, button quail, plains wanderer Charadriif
ormes (polyphyletic) shorebirds sandpipers,
seedsnipe, painted snipe, jaçanas, coursers and
pratincoles, jaegers, auks, gulls, thick-knees,
plovers, stilts, oystercatchers, sheathbills,
ibisbill, crab plover, sand grouse Columbiformes
doves (pigeons), dodos Psittaciformes
parrots Cuculiformes (polyphyletic) cuckoos,
turacos, hoatzin Strigiformes owls, barn
owls Caprimulgiformes (para- or polyphyletic)
goatsuckers frogmouths, potoos, nighthawks,
owlet-nightjars, oilbirds Apodiformes crested
swifts, swifts, hummingbirds Coliiformes
mousebirds (colies) Trogoniformes
trogons Coraciiformes (probably polyphyletic)
kingfishers, todies, motmots, bee-eaters,
rollers, cuckoo-roller, ground rollers,
hornbills, hoopoes, wood-hoopoes Piciformes
Pici woodpeckers, toucans, barbets,
honeyguides Galbulae puffbirds,
jacamars Passeriformes perching birds, 60
families Suboscines - mostly Southern
Hemisphere except flycatchers Oscines
songbirds, worldwide
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Psittaciformes - parrots, parakeets, cockatoos,
lories, etc. Psittacidae - 317 species,
pantropical-temperate, stocky, large head,
powerful hooked bill with overbite, lower
mandible occludes with node of upper, lateral
mandibular movement, gnaw and chew, fleshy
tongue, short legs and tarsi, zygodactyl,
proficient climbers, some gregarious but maintain
dominance hierarchies in social groups,
generally monogamous and travel in pairs even
within flocks, nest in cavities, many
brightly Colored, structural blues, most sexually
monomorphic, biparental care, some noted for
mimicry and cognitive abilities, most arboreal,
one flightless
New World Parrots
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African Parrots
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Australasian Parrots
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Cuculiformes obligate or facultatively
zygodactyl Cuculidae - cuckoos, coucals,
roadrunners 125 spp worldwide Musophagidae -
turacos and plaintain-eaters 18 spp
Africa Opisthocomidae - hoatzin 1 Sp So. America
(Metaves)
(polyphyletic!)
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Cuculidae - cuckoos, coucals, roadrunners, anis
125 spp worldwide, decurved bill, many with
barred breast, iridescent greens,long tapered
tail, arboreal or terrestrial,generally weak
fliers, some are nest parasites and polygamous,
anis nest cooperatively, some gregarious, most
inconspicuous and secretive
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more cuckoos
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Musophagidae - turacos and allies 18 spp Africa,
arboreal, frugivorous, crested, short rounded
wings, long tail, zygodactyl to
anisodactyl turacos - colorful green and/or
blue, crimson primaries, zygodactyl
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Musophagidae - go-away birds and
plaintain-eaters drab plumage, facultatively
zygodactyl or anisodactyl
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Opisthocomidae - hoatzin 1 sp. So. America
(Metaves) bare face, crested, short rounded
wings, long tail, facultatively zygodactyl, weak
flight, arboreal, folivorous, ruminant crop,
smelly, gregarious, colonial, nestlings with
functional manual claws, biparental care, young
fed by regurgitation, considered by many to be
the most enigmatic of all birds, thought by some
to be Galliformes
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Hoatzin at nest and displaying
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Hoatzin nestlings
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Strigiformes - nocturnal birds of prey raptorial,
binocular vision, facial disc, excellent hearing,
feathered tarsi, facultatively zygodactyl silent
flight, swallow prey whole and regurgitate
pellets of indigestible parts Strigidae - owls
121 spp. worldwide Tytonidae - barn owls 10 spp.
worldwide
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Strigidae - owls 121 spp. worldwide very small to
very large, tarsi relatively short, enormous eyes
incapable of movement, some with asymmetric
skull, most with cryptic plumage, large rounded
wings, long tail, nest in cavities, biparental
care
eared owls
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uneared owls
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Tytonidae - barn owls and bay owls 10 spp.
worldwide, tarsi relatively long, pectinate
claw digit III, not as visually specialized as
owls, plumage spotted, nests sheltered (e.g.,
buildings), biparental care
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skull of owl
the eyes of owls are immobilized because the
schlerotic ring is fixed to the skull
skull of barn owl
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Caprimulgiformes - goatsuckers large head,
eyes, and gape, small feet, anisodactyl, cryptic
plumage, nocturnal, mostly insectivorous Caprimu
lgidae - nighthawks 67 spp. nearly
worldwide Nyctibiidae - potoos 5 spp.
Neotropics Podargidae - frogmouths 12 spp.
Australasia Aegothelidae - owlet nightjars 8 spp.
Australia Steatornithidae - oilbird 1 sp.
Neotropics
(Paraphyletic to Apodiformes!)
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Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae - nighthawks 67
spp. nearly worldwide, migratory aerial
insectivores, ristal bristles, long pointed
wings, pectinate claw, nest on bare ground, eggs
spotted, biparental care, 1 sp. hibernates
sclerotic ring
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Caprimulgiformes Nyctibiidae - potoos 5 spp.
Neotropical Foests and mangroves, long tail,
tomium notched, perch vertically on tree,
nonmigratory, nest on stump
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Caprimulgiformes Podargidae - frogmouths 12 spp.
Australasia predatory, massive bill, owl-like,
binocular vision, slightly migratory
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more frogmouths
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Caprimulgiformes Aegothelidae - owlet nightjars 8
spp. Australia Small, filoplumes abundant on
head, long tail, long tarsus, sharp claws, take
insects in air or on ground,nest in hollow tree,
sister to Apodiformes, nonmigratory
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Caprimulgiformes Steatornithidae - oilbird 1 sp.
Neotropical moderately large, long wings, hooked
parrot-like bill, dietary specialists on palm
fruit, colonial, nest in caves, echolocate,
nestlings obese hence the name, nonmigratory
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Apodiformes small, hypertrophied breast muscles,
short arm, very large hand and long primaries
for powered flight Hemiprocnidae - crested swifts
3 spp SE Asia Apodidae - swifts 66 sp
worldwide Trochilidae - hummingbirds 319 spp (!)
New World only
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Apodiformes Hemiprocnidae - crested swifts 3 spp
SE Asia crest, long forked tail, pamprodactyl,
aerial insectivores, echolocate,
gregarious, Biparental care but sexually dimorphic
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Apodiformes Apodidae - swifts 66 spp
worldwide aerial insectivores, large head, eyes,
and gape, cling to vertical surfaces, roost in
caves or on cliffs, Some enter torpor, stiffened
rectrices, pamprodactyl or facultatively so,
large claws, Callocalia swiflets echolocate,
nest on vertical surfaces with nest made either
partially or entirely with saliva, mate on the
wing, some gregarious,biparental care, migratory
manus
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Apodiformes Trochilidae - hummingbirds 319 spp.
New World long bill, extendable tongue,
iridescent plumage, hovering flight (including
backwards), primarily Nectivorous but also
insectivorous, biparental care but female
incubation, most sexually dimorphic, mono- or
polygamous,nest of spider webs and
lichens, migratory or nonmigratory, experience
torpor
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Skeleton of hummingbird (Ensifera swordbill)
manus
hyoid bone
arm
carina sterni
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Coliiformes - colies or mousebirds 6 spp Africa,
social and gregarious, proficient climbers,
creep through branches, short and direct
infrequent flight, facultatively pampro- zygo-
anisodactyl, often hang below branches by feet,
eat seeds, berries, fruit, crops
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sleeping colies - viewed from above
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Trogoniformes - trogons and quetzals 35 spp
pantropical broad bill, omnivorous, long tapered
tail, cling to vertical surfaces,
heterodactyl, cavity nesters, sexually
dichromatic, insectivorous or omnivorous
(including vertebrates and fruits)
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Resplendent Quetzal Pharomachrus
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Coraciiformes large headed, large billed,
anisodactyl or syndactyl, mostly arboreal,
insectivorous or predatory, cavity nesters, many
characterized by blue structural colors, most
sexually monomorphic Coraciidae - rollers 11
spp. Africa and Australasia Alcedinidae -
kingfishers 86 spp. worldwide Meropidae - bee
eaters 24 spp. Africa and Australasia Todidae -
todies 5 spp. Caribbean Momotidae - motmots 8
spp. Neotropics Brachypteraciidae - ground
rollers 3 spp. Madagascar Leptosomidae -
Cuckoo-Roller 1 sp. Madagascar Bucerotidae -
hornbills 44 spp. Africa and Southeast
Asia Upupidae - Hoopoe 1 sp. Eurasia and
Africa Phoeniculidae - wood hoopoes 6 spp. Africa
(probably polyphyletic!)
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Coraciiformes Coraciidae - rollers 11 spp. Africa
and Australasia
solitary,
arboreal, named for elaborate courtship flight,

hawk insects in flight from
bare branch or prey on terrestrial
vertebrates, nest in hollow trees or
burrows, biparental care, some
migratory
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Coraciiformes Alcedinidae - kingfishers 86 spp.
Worldwide very large head and bill, rounded
wings, small feet, syndactyl, solitary, arboreal,
undulating flight, plunge dive from hovering
position, piscivorous or predatory, nest in hole
in tree or bank, biparental care, higher
latitude species migratory, some dimorphic
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Coraciiformes Meropidae - bee eaters 24 spp.
Africa and Australasia, nonmigratory, sexually
dimorphic, small, sharp slightly decurved bill,
black eye stripe, elongate central rectrices,
syndactyl, gregarious, colonial, nest in burrows
in bank, cooperative nesters, biparental care,
arboreal, hawk insects in flight
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Coraciiformes Todidae - todies 5 spp. Greater
Antilles of West Indies, nonmigratory, tiny,
lethargic, green above, white below, red throat,
long flat bill, long tarsus, hawk insects in
flight from perch
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Coraciiformes Momotidae - motmots 8 spp.
Neotropical forests, nonmigratory decurved
serrated bill, black eye stripe, usually breast
spot, raquette tail self talored and used in
display, solitary or in pairs, nest in burrow in
bank, biparental care, mostly insectivorous but
also eat berries and reptiles
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Coraciiformes Brachypteraciidae - ground rollers
5 spp. Madagascar , nonmigratory small, long
tarsus, long tail, somewhat cryptic, terrestrial,
crepuscular, hunt insects and invertebrates on
ground, nest in burrow
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Coraciiformes (probably not really
coraciiform) Leptosomidae - Cuckoo-Roller 1 sp.
Madagascar, forests, large head, long wings and
tail, short legs, facultatively zygodactyl,
powder downs, sexually dichromatic, somewhat
gregarious, feed in treetops on insects and
lizards, very poorly known
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Coraciiformes Bucerotiformes and Upupiformes
Bucerotidae - hornbills 54 spp. Africa and
Southeast Asia
Bucorvidae - ground hornbill 2 spp. Africa
Upupidae - Hoopoe 1 sp. Eurasia and Africa
Phoeniculidae - wood hoopoes 6 spp. Africa
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Coraciiformes Bucerotidae - (tree) hornbills 54
spp. Africa and Southeast Asia medium to huge,
black and white, large bill with casque, wings
broad, tail long, muscular and robust, skeleton
highly pneumatized, omnivorous, cavity nesters,
female sealed with mud inside hollow tree
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ground hornbills - 2 spp. Africa large,
terrestrial, predatory, gregarious nonmigratory
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Upupidae - Hoopoe 1 sp. Eurasia and Africa, some
migratory small, orange, black and white,
crested, long bill, mostly terrestrial but roost
in trees, insectivorous, cavity nesters
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Phoeniculidae - wood hoopoes 5 spp. Africa,
small, dark shiny green, long graduated tail,
arboreal, cling to vertivcal surfaces,
insectivorous, frugivorous, gregarious gapers
(elongated retroarticular of mandible),
cooperative nesters, nonmigratory
Rhinopomastidae - scimitar bills 2 spp. Africa
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Piciformes - another group of zygodactyl
birds all cavity nesters Suborder
Pici Indicatoridae - honeyguides 11 spp.
Africa Picidae - woodpeckers 209 spp. Worldwide
except Australia Megalaimidae - Asian barbets 26
spp. Asia Lybiidae - African barbets 42 spp.
Africa Capitonidae New World barbets 14 spp.
Neotropics Ramphastidae - toucans 41 spp.
Neotropics
Suborder Galbulae (possibly Coraciiformes) Galbuli
dae - jacamars 15 spp. Neotropical Bucconidae -
puffbirds, 30 spp. So. America
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Piciformes Suborder Galbulae Bucconidae -
puffbirds, nunbirds 30 spp. Neotropics roller-like
, small stout birds with large heads, large
roller- or kingfisher-like bill with hooked
tip, lethargic, hawk insects on wing or on
ground, nest in ground burrow, sexes alike,
nonmigratory
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Suborder Galbulae Galbulidae - jacamars 15 spp.
Neotropical, nonmigratory Small, metallic green,
long saber-like bill, diamond-shaped in cross
section, long tail lethargic, hawk insects on
wing, nest in ground burrows
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Suborder Pici Indicatoridae - honeyguides 11 spp.
Africa, 1 sp. Asia small, gray, solitary, eat
bees wax, nonmigratory brood parasites on
barbets and woodpeckers, polygamous, sexually
dichromatic symbiotic relationship with honey
badger and others
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Suborder Pici Picidae - woodpeckers 209 spp.
Worldwide except Australia, Madagascar, New
Zealand, many migratory small to medium,
chisel-like bill, spotted, barred, black and
white, yellow, and red, many crested stiffened
rectrices, cling to vertical surfaces, most
insectivorous, most sexually dichromatic, most
arboreal
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hyoid bone
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Suborder Pici traditional Capitonidae -
barbets gt 70 spp. (not including Ramphastidae)
Pantropical small stocky small, with thick bills,
nostrils open upwards, notched tomium, loud
garrish colors, prominent rictal bristles, eat
insects, fruit, buds, sit motionless for hours
calling, nest in hole in tree or river
bank Capitonidae and Ramphastidae - New World
barbets and toucans Lybiidae - African
barbets Megalaimidae - Asian barbets
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Suborder Pici Megalaimidae - Asian barbets 26
spp. Asia
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Suborder Pici Lybiidae - African barbets 42 spp.
Africa
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Suborder Pici Capitonidae New World barbets 14
spp. Neotropics
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Suborder Pici Ramphastidae - toucans 41 spp.
Neotropics, small to medium, black and white,
yellow, and red, enormous lightweight notched
bill, feather-like tongue, nostrils open upwards,
long tail, noisy, eat fruit, insects,
vertebrates,gregarious, arboreal, nest in hollow
tree, sexes alike, altitudinal migration
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Suborder Pici - Ramphastidae
araçaris
toucanets