Fuel Efficiency for the 21st century

1
Fuel Efficiency for the 21st century

• Joe Shrader, BS, MAED,PHD.
• March, 2008
• ARRRRRGH!

2
(No Transcript)
3
(No Transcript)
4
(No Transcript)
5
(No Transcript)
6
What does this really mean?

• http//www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/FEG2000.htm

7
(No Transcript)
8
EPA estimate (2005)

• SMALL SUV - Jeep Liberty Diesel Ltd. (4WD) EPA
  CITY MPG 22 CR CITY MPG 11 EPA SHORTFALL 50
  percent HYBRID - Honda Civic Sedan EPA CITY
  MPG 48 CR CITY MPG 26 EPA SHORTFALL 46
  percent LARGE SEDAN - Chrysler 300C EPA CITY
  MPG 17 CR CITY MPG 10 EPA SHORTFALL 41
  percent MIDSIZED SUV - Chevrolet TrailBlazer
  EXT LT (4WD) EPA CITY MPG 15 CR CITY MPG 9
  EPA SHORTFALL 40 percent MINIVAN - Honda
  Odyssey EX EPA CITY MPG 20 CR CITY MPG 12
  EPA SHORTFALL 40 percent

9
Some others

• LUXURY SEDAN - BMW 745Li EPA CITY MPG 18 CR
  CITY MPG 11 EPA SHORTFALL 39 percent PICKUP
  - Dodge Ram 1500 SLT (crew cab, 4WD) EPA CITY
  MPG 13 CR CITY MPG 8 EPA SHORTFALL 38
  percent FAMILY SEDAN - Oldsmobile Alero GL EPA
  CITY MPG 21 CR CITY MPG 13 EPA SHORTFALL 38
  percent LARGE SUV - Dodge Durango Limited (4WD)
  EPA CITY MPG 13 CR CITY MPG 8 EPA SHORTFALL
  38 percent SMALL SEDAN - Ford Focus ZX4 SES
  EPA CITY MPG 26 CR CITY MPG 17 EPA
  SHORTFALL 35 percent

10
FYI CAFÉ standards

• United States 24.6 mpg (cars and trucks)
• 27.5 mpg (cars ) (2004)
• 35 mpg (2020)
• European Union 47 mpg (2012)
• Japan 35.5 mpg (2010)
• Australia 29.1 mpg (2002)
• 34.4 mpg (2010)
  

11
(No Transcript)
12
Vehicle selection

• Use and needs
• What is this vehicle going to be used for?
• How many people?
• Do I need to pull a trailer/boat etc.
• How often

13
Vehicle selection

• How much money do I have to spend on
  transportation?
• Purchase price
• Fuel cost/year
• Insurance/year
• Repairs/year
• Upgrades

14
Vehicle selection

• Where to buy
• Family
• Friends
• How to establish price
• Kelly Bluebook
• NADA
• Your bank

15
(No Transcript)
16
Vehicle selection

• Retail price
• Wholesale price
• Trade in price
• Where/how to finance
• Banks
• on the lot
• Credit union
• other

17
Vehicle selection

• How to shop
• Dealers lot
• Newspaper
• Bargain Trader
• On-line
• It is a buyers market!! Take your time..

18
Options

• Let us look at some of the GREEN options
  available in todays market.

19
(No Transcript)
20
Hybrids

• Advantages include
• Unlimited miles
• Great mileage in city driving
• Average fuel savings of 25, (600/yr)

21
Hybrids

• Disadvantages might include
• Higher initial cost (3-4000)
• Only smaller vehicles currently
• No advantage (MPG) at highway speeds
• Battery life, four years for lead/acid batteries
• Cost of battery replacement (2000)
• NiMH cost 20,000-30,000
• Service availability
• Crash danger of 20 lead/acid batteries

22
Battery Problems
NiMH Nickel-metal hydride battery

• You can replace lead-acid batteries with NiMH
  batteries. The range of the car will double and
  the batteries will last 10 years (thousands of
  charge/discharge cycles), but the cost of the
  batteries today is 10 to 15 times greater than
  lead-acid. In other words, an NiMH battery pack
  will cost 20,000 to 30,000 (today) instead of
  2,000. Prices for advanced batteries fall as
  they become mainstream, so over the next several
  years it is likely that NiMH and lithium-ion
  battery packs will become competitive with
  lead-acid battery prices. Electric cars will have
  significantly better range at that point.

23
Battery manufacturing

• Lead mined in Canada
• Shipped to China for manufacture
• Shipped to US for sale
• The carbon footprint in the manufacture and
  shipping of these (20) lead/acid batteries is
  equivalent to 3 ½ years of driving with a
  gasoline vehicle.
• Recycling these batteries costs up to 2000/ton

24
Crashes with electric/hybrid?

• Firefighters and rescue personnel receive special
  training to deal with the higher voltages and
  chemicals encountered in electric and hybrid
  electric vehicle accidents. While BEV accidents
  may present unusual problems, such as fires and
  fumes resulting from rapid battery discharge,
  there is apparently no available information
  regarding whether they are inherently more or
  less dangerous than gasoline or diesel internal
  combustion vehicles which carry flammable fuels.

25
For more information

• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car

26
Electric Vehicles
27
EVs Great variation in style and cost.

• Limitations include distance. New batteries will
  help here, but at substantial increased costs.
• Recharging at work.
• Electricity is not free energy.
• Usually small commuter vehicles

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car
28
Flex-fuel vehicles

• These vehicles are designed to run on a variation
  of different fuels.
• Ethanol fuels now are 90 unleaded gas and 10
  ethanol. Flex-fuel vehicles allow for up to 85
  ethanol.
• These include different sensors in the vehicle to
  deal with variations in fuels.

29
Fuel savings?

• FFVs experience no loss in performance when
  operating on E85. However, since a gallon of
  ethanol contains less energy than a gallon of
  gasoline, FFVs typically get about 20-30 fewer
  miles per gallon when fueled with E85.
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle
  

30
Biogasoline/synthetic gas

• Unlike ethanol, the fuel can also be used in high
  concentrations in regular gasoline engines and
  travel through existing pipelines, the companies
  said. In addition, it will have a higher energy
  content and be more fuel efficient than ethanol,
  the leading renewable fuel in the U.S. today, the
  companies said.

31
Hydrogen fuel cells
32
Hydrogen fuel cell

• These cells are expensive storage units.
  Batteries if you please.
• Recharging them is a major problem (at present)
• Adding filling stations would cost 1/2trillion
  dollars. (US)
• Still run an electric motor.

33
Diesel vehicles

• Diesel vehicles have several advantages
• More power
• Better MPG, (20-30)
• Longer life
• Better resale value
• Burn almost any type fuel oil

34
Higher compression

• Up to 201 compression ratio increases the power
  proportionately

35
Diesel

• Disadvantages include
• Higher initial cost (5,000)
• Higher fuel cost (20 more)
• Heavier vehicle to support the heavier engine
• Fuel availability

36
Diesel?

• In addition to improved fuel economy, diesels
  offer other benefits. Compared to gasoline
  engines, diesel engines produce 20 to 30 percent
  less CO2 emissions, which contribute to climate
  change. And turbocharged diesel engines produce
  far more torque than gasoline engines, making
  them fun to drive and well-suited to tasks like
  towing.

37
Why is Diesel so costly?

• Highway Diesel Fuel
• 500 ppm Sulfur limit of 500 ppm 0.05 (wt.)
  became effective in October 1993. This fuel,
  commonly referred to as the low sulfur diesel
  fuel, was introduced to facilitate sulfate
  particulate emission reductions, which were
  necessary for meeting the 1994 emission standards
  for heavy-duty highway engines.
• 15 ppm Diesel fuel of maximum sulfur level of 15
  ppm will be available for highway use beginning
  in June 2006. This fuel, referred to as the ultra
  low sulfur diesel (ULSD), was legislated by the
  EPA to enable catalyst-based emission control
  devices, such as diesel particulate filters and
  NOx adsorbers, which will be necessary for
  meeting the 2007-2010 emission standards for
  heavy-duty engines, as well as the Tier 2
  light-duty standards.

38
Other choices

• Walking
• Bicycling
• Mopeds
• Roller blades
• Motorcycles.
• All these have advantages of energy savings and
  ease of parking.

39
Back to driving more fuel efficiently

• We have talked about selection
• Buy fuel efficient vehicles
• Buy what meets your needs
• Doing your homework

40
Driving more fuel efficiently

• Accelerate slower

41
Drive at moderate speeds

• 45 MPH is optimum for fuel economy.

42
Keep moving, anticipate traffic
43
Increase following distance

• You cant see

44
Now you can
45
Easy does it

• There is no need to always be in a rush, plan
  ahead. Start earlier.

46
Trip planning

• Combine trips
• Call ahead
• Avoid rush hour
• Avoid traffic lights
• Avoid slow, stop and go traffic
• Car pooling
• Mass transportation
• Move closer to work

47
Dont draft a truck
48
Drafting can have severe results
49
Check your air pressure
50
Performance module, Chips
51
Synthetic Oils?

• Oil additives
• Always check your
• Owners warranty

52
(No Transcript)
53
(No Transcript)
54
Carpooling
55
Carpool lanes

• Over 70 of us drive to work alone

56
Insurance savings

• If you drive 10 or more miles to work, you pay
  20 more for your insurance.
• If you carpool and average less than 10 miles one
  way to work, you can save that 20 on your
  insurance.

57
Down east carpool
58
(No Transcript)
59
(No Transcript)
60
Prices of gas around the world

• Prices are quoted in US dollars per gallon for
  regular unleaded.
• March 2008 US (3.25)
• Oslo, Norway 6.82 Hong Kong 6.25 

61

• Brussels , Belgium 6.16 London,
  UK 5.96 Rome , Italy 5.80 

62

• Tokyo, Japan 5.25 Sao Paulo ,
  Brazil 4.42 New Delhi, India 3.71 

63

• Sidney , Australia 3.42 Johannesburg,
  South Africa 3.39 Mexico City 2.22 

64

• Buenos Aires , Argentina 2.09 Riyadh ,
  Saudi Arabia 0.91 Kuwait 0.78 

65
.. YOU'RE GONNA LOVE THIS ... 

• Caracas , Venezuela 0.12

66
Fuel costs

• Energy cost is becoming an even more difficult
  problem for all of us.
• Your government (despite commercials), is not
  trying to lower fuel costs.
• Their goal is for us to use less, therefore,
  higher prices help meet their goal. We used 1
  less gas last year (2007). That percentage will
  be higher this year as prices go to 4/gallon.
• That is successful! (To your legislature)

67
You are on your own!

• It is your responsibility to reduce your fuel and
  other energy costs.
• Select a better vehicle (MPG)
• Drive more fuel efficiently
• Drive less, carpool, combine trips, etc
• Plan your vehicle use better
• You will spend thousands of dollars this year on
  gas, a 10 savings is significant.

68

• ECU driver education
• http//www.ecu.edu/cs-hhp/hlth/drivered/dred.cfm