Intelligence

1
Intelligence

• What is Intelligence?
• Academic vs Nonacademic
  intelligence
• What do intelligence tests measure?
• Achievement vs Aptitude
• Do mental tests measure what
  theyre suppose to?
• Reliability vs Validity
• Learning vs Performance

2
Intelligence goal-directed adaptive behaviour
Robert J. Sternberg
practical intelligence
tacit knowledge
not explicitly taught picked up
Ceci Liker (1986) A Day At The Races
IQ related to real-world forms of cognitive
complexity that IQ tests tap
Psychometric tests
Achievement tests

• Academic intelligence related to schooling
• Non-academic intelligence related to
  practical everyday stuff

Aptitude tests
3
30 men

14 experts
16 non-experts
x

• handicapping ability
• (measured by how
• successful they were)

• ranges in age
• socioeconomic status (SES)
• years of schooling
• IQ
• factual knowledge about racing
• years of track experience

(80 -130)
(8-26 years)
4

• Results
• handicappers success unrelated to IQs
• years of experience did not predict complexity
  of reasoning
• no relation between arithmetic scores on IQ test
  and handicapping ability
• correlation between handicapping ability and
  complexity of reasoning, but not correlated with
  IQ.

LOW IQ Experts used
complex models of reasoning
HIGH IQ Non-experts used
complex models of reasoning
5
Reliability
Does scale show same weight?

• Test-Retest

test stability/quality control

• Split-Half

internal consistency

• Parallel-Form

Validity
Is the scale really measuring weight?

• Criterion

correlation with some real-world measure

• Content

• Construct

depends on definition of what youre measuring
6
The History of Intelligence and The Origins of
Intelligence Tests

• Theories of Intelligence

• Psychometric Approaches
• Hierarchical Theories
• Non-Psychometric Theories

• What is the Nature of IQ?

• Is it stable or does it change over time? - It
  depends!
• Time between repeated tests
• Methodology
• The ability being measured

7
Francis Galton (1822-1911)
Correlational Method
Alfred Binet (1857-1911)
Item validity analysis
Theodosius Simon
Mental Age (MA) (1908) vs Chronological Age (CA)

Lewis Terman (1912)
(MA) / (CA) X 100 IQ 5/7x10071 7/7x100100 9/
7x100128
8
IQ Item Analysis
9
Theories of Intelligence
Psychometric Approaches to Intelligence
Charles Spearman (1904, 1927)
General Intelligence
Edward Thorndike (1925)
Specific Abilities
Hierarchical Theory of Intelligence
R.B. Cattell (1971)
Fluid vs Crystallized Intelligence
Non-Psychometric Theory of Intelligence
Howard Gardner (1983)
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
10
Spearmans Theory of General Intelligence
11
Thorndikes Theory of Specific Abilities
12
Hierarchical Theories
g
Ability 2
Ability 1
s2
s1
s3
s4
s8
s7
s6
s5
Test3
Test2
Test1
Test4
Psych
Geography
Math
Design
13
Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Type of Intelligence
Tasks reflecting this type of Intelligence
Linguistic intelligence
reading writing a paper understanding spoken
words
Logical-mathematical intelligence
solving math problems logical reasoning
Spatial intelligence
getting from place to place reading a map
packing a car trunk
Musical intelligence
singing a song composing music playing an
instrument
14
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
dancing sports activities
Interpersonal intelligence
relating to other people understanding others
behaviours, motives and emotions
Intrapersonal intelligence
understanding ourselves, who we are, what makes
us tick, how we can change given constraints on
our abilities and our interests
15
Intelligence and age
Cross-sectional and Longitudinal analyses
16
Sequential design
(cells contain birth year)
1956
1966
1946
1966
30
Age of individuals
1966
20
1976
1956
10
1976
1966
1986
1976
1986
1996
Year in which data was collected
17
Intelligence and age
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence