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World Peace Before World War

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Title: World Peace Before World War


1
World Peace Before World War
  • By the late 1800s, many people and countries
    were tired of wars and were moving towards
    peaceful relations.
  • The odd thing was that as people tried harder for
    peace, they were actually inching their way
    closer to war.

2
Germany Isolates France
  • The growing rivalries between nations caused them
    to make alliances with one another.
  • Germany feared that France would want revenge
    because of their loss to them during the
    Franco-Prussian War.
  • Kaiser Otto von Bismarck came up with a plan to
    isolate France from the rest of Europe.
  • In 1879, he formed the Triple Alliance with
    Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
  • He also formed a treaty with Russia so that they
    would not become involved if there was a war.

3
Wilhelm leads Germany
  • Wilhelm II took over and Bismarck was pushed out
    of office because he did not want to share power
    with anyone.
  • Wilhelm decided he did not need to follow any of
    the policies set by Bismarck and he let the
    agreement with Russia expire.
  • Because of this decision, it could force Germany
    to fight a war on two fronts.
  • Enemies would now be on the Eastern and Western
    borders of Germany if a war were to break out.

4
Bad Decisions
  • Wilhelm II decided to make the German navy
    larger. England responded by building more ships
    to keep their country safe. They later formed an
    alliance with France and Russia. Russia had been
    allied with Germany.
  • A huge system of alliances was in place. It was
    the Triple Entente, made up of England, France,
    and Russia against the Triple Alliance made up of
    Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

5
The 4 MainCauses of World War I
6
Militarism
  • It was an arms race. England had a great navy and
    Germany wanted a great navy too. Germany and
    France competed for larger armies.
  • The more one nation built up its army and/or
    navy, the more other nations felt they had to do
    the same.

7
Imperialism
  • European nations conquered and ruled smaller
    countries called colonies, and competed with each
    other to amass even more colonies. The gathering
    of colonies is called imperialism.
  • Both France and Britain had many colonies in
    Africa and Asia.
  • Germany and Italy decided they wanted a colonial
    empire too.

8
Nationalism
  • In addition to political conflicts, the causes of
    the war included such forces as nationalism
    (fierce patriotism).
  • Nationalism led European nations to compete for
    the largest army or the greatest industrial
    development.
  • It gave groups of subject peoples the idea of
    forming independent nations of their own.

9
The Alliance System
  • For 20 years, the nations of Europe had been
    making alliances. It was thought that alliances
    would promote peace.
  • Each country would be protected by others in case
    of war, making it foolish for one country to wage
    war on another.
  • The danger of these alliances was that an
    argument between two countries could draw all the
    other nations into a fight.
  • This led directly do World War I.

10
A Critical Moment in Europe
  • This major war would reshape all of European
    society and it had been coming for a long time.
    The 19th century had been an era of great
    progress, turmoil and conflict. New nations had
    been created during this era.
  • The balance of power that existed in 1815 was no
    more. There was also a false sense of security
    among many nations because of their alliances.
  • Local wars had flared up in the 19th century, but
    a major war was regarded as unlikely.

11
Sparks of Trouble
  • Trouble was brewing in the Balkans in the
    southeastern part of Europe. The Ottoman Empire
    controlled that area, but their power was
    declining
  • Austria-Hungary and Russia wanted to have the
    land for themselves. Serbia, which was located in
    this area, wanted to bring all Slavic people
    under its control.
  • Austria-Hungary seized control of Bosnia and
    Herzegovina before anyone realized what was
    happening. These lands had Slavic peoples living
    there and this made Serbia angry.
  • Serbias problem was that Russia, their ally, did
    not support their threat of war towards
    Austria-Hungary. Serbia had to back down and let
    Austria-Hungary keep the land.

12
The Assassination
  • By 1914, the situation had changed. Serbia had
    gained other lands and was beginning to appear
    like a strong nation. Austria was worried that
    Serbia might interfere with its control of Bosnia
    and Herzegovina.
  • On June 28, 1914, while in Sarajevo on an
    inspection tour, Franz Ferdinand and his wife
    were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian
    nationalist. His death served as the excuse for
    the Austrian ultimatum that led directly to World
    War I.

13
Final Blunders Lead to War
  • Austria-Hungary held Serbia responsible for the
    assassination. On July 5th, Austria asked for and
    received from Germany a blank check of support
    for any action Austria-Hungary might take against
    Serbia.
  • On July 23rd, Austria sent a series of demands to
    the Serbians. The demands were designed to
    humiliate and virtually destroy the Serbian
    nation. But, Serbia agreed to most but not all of
    the demands.
  • Austria reacted on July 28th by declaring war on
    Serbia using the excuse that not all of their
    demands were met. The Russians prepared to defend
    Serbia. On July 31st the Germans sent a warning
    to Russia to stop mobilizing its army for war.
  • The Russians ignored the warning, and Germany
    declared war on Russia on August 1st. France came
    to the aid of its Russian ally by declaring war
    on Germany.

14
World War I Begins
  • The British hesitated to declare war, until the
    Germans marched through Belgium. England had
    promised to defend Belgium and finally declared
    war on Germany on Aug 4th.
  • Italy, the 3rd member of the Triple Alliance,
    refused to back Germany and Austria-Hungary
    because they claimed the Triple Alliance was for
    defensive purposes only. Austria's declaration of
    war against Serbia was not defensive it was an
    attack.
  • In August 1914, war officially began. The system
    of alliances for keeping peace had collapsed like
    a house of cards and brought the great nations of
    Europe into war with one another.

15
Order of Events for WWI
  • England, France, and Russia form the Triple
    Entente. Germany, Italy and Austria form the
    Triple Alliance.
  • A Serbian named Gavrilo Princip assassinates the
    Austrian Archduke.
  • Austria declares war on Serbia.
  • Russia comes to the aid of Serbia and declares
    war on Austria.
  • Russia declares war on Germany.
  • Germany declares war on Russia.
  • Germany declares war on France.
  • England declares war on Germany, because Germany
    went through the neutral country of Belgium to
    invade France.
  • Italy switches sides and joins in with England,
    France, and Russia to form the Allies.
  • Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire join Austria and
    Germany to form the Central Powers.

16
The Allied Powers
  • Great Britain Great Britain had traditionally
    followed a policy of neutrality. Britons began
    to call for new alliances to counteract the
    rising power of the German Empire. Britain
    depended on industrial strength for survival.
    Germany was threatening that as well as their
    naval power in the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Russia Russia had been defeated by the Japanese
    in 1905 and was becoming politically unstable.
    They felt a need to prove their strength to the
    other nations of Europe. Russia also wanted to
    extend its influence and protection over Slavs
    in Balkan countries.
  • France France had not forgotten its humiliating
    defeat at the hands of Germany in 1871 and was
    waiting for the chance to reestablish its power
    on the continent. France was willing to ally
    itself with longtime enemy England in order to
    strengthen its hand against Germany.

17
The Central Powers
  • Germany The German Empire was created in 1871.
    The territory included the provinces of Alsace
    and Lorraine, which were taken from France at the
    end of the Franco-Prussian War. Germany was the
    leading power on the continent, but their
    position was shaky. France was waiting for the
    chance to reclaim Alsace and Lorraine. Russia
    was allied with France and England. The German
    navy was competing for dominance with the British
    navy in the Atlantic.
  • Austro-Hungarian Empire The Austro-Hungarian
    Empire was a nation of many nationalities. The
    majority of people in the empire were Austrian,
    Hungarian and Slavs, but it was the Austrians
    and Hungarians held positions of power. Many of
    the Slavs that lived in the provinces of Bosnia
    and Herzegovina wanted to be part of the new
    nation of Serbia.
  • Ottoman Empire Turkey was known as the sick man
    of Europe. The new nations in the Balkans
    (Serbia, Bulgaria, Rumania, and Greece) had
    broken off from the empire. Many in Europe
    feared the Ottoman Empire would collapse and
    there would be a fight for its territory. Russia,
    in particular, wanted the Dardanelle's Strait, a
    strategic part of the empire.

18
Germanys Plan to Win
  • Schlieffen Plan
  • Germany had a plan for winning the war on two
    fronts. It called for a quick push through
    France, which will lead to a fast victory on that
    front. Germany then turns and attacks Russia in
    the east at full strength.

19
The Western Front
20
Trench Warfare
  • The trenches along the western front began as
    shallow ditches. No one realized the trenches
    would be home to many soldiers over the next four
    years.
  • After the German army moved to the borders of
    Paris, French defenses strengthened and stopped
    them in September of 1914. Both sides became
    bogged down in a bloody conflict. Soldiers dug
    deep trenches into the ground, protecting
    themselves with barbed wire and machine guns.
    Inside the trenches, they lived in mud, suffered
    from lack of food and medicine, and were wounded
    or killed by exploding bombs.
  • Attacks over-the-wire were even worse. Generals
    still thought they could win a ground war with
    massed attacks of huge armies.
  • The problem was that when the troops came out of
    the trenches to charge the enemy, they ran into
    new, powerful weapons.
  • Machine guns, tanks, poison gas, and large
    artillery rounds devastated them. Killing
    hundreds in mere minutes. This was war on the
    Western Front. This particular hell was called
    Trench Warfare.

21
Home Sweet Home
22
German Lines
English Lines
23
Trench construction diagram from a 1914 British
infantry manual.
24
French soldiers of the 87th Regiment, 6th
Division, at Côte 304, (Hill 304), northwest of
Verdun, 1916
25
British Vickers machine gun crew, Western Front,
World War I.
26
British crew loading a 15-in howitzer, Western
Front, World War I.
27
A French soldier is killed during an attack in
Verdun.(Picture made by a German
war-photographer)
28
Battle of Verdun
  • Feb. 21July, 1916), one of the most devastating
    engagements of World War I, in which the French
    repulsed a major German offensive
  • By July the Germans realized that their plan to
    seize Verdun and undermine France's will to
    resist had failed with a terrible loss of
    menabout 400,000 French casualties and nearly as
    many Germanand material for both sides. From
    October until the end of the year, the French
    took the offensive and regained the forts and
    territory they had lost earlier.

29
British troops get into position for a charge
over the top in 1917.
30
Mass Devastation
31
Freezing Winters
32
The body of a French soldier blown up into a tree
after an artillery attack.
33
The city of Vaux, destroyed by the increasingly
destructive weapons of war.
34
Life in the Trenches
  • As the neither side advanced, the trenches were
    dug deeper. Deep enough that a man could walk
    through them without showing his head above
    ground. Tunnels and dugout rooms were hollowed
    out and reinforced to make sleeping and eating
    quarters. An entire war could be spent
    underground (almost).
  • The trenches were connected to the supply lines
    by a system of tunnels. Defenses for the trenches
    became stronger and more fortified as the war
    drug on. No-Mans-Land, the area between the two
    opposing sides was protected with barbed wire
    mines.
  • The trenches were extremely uncomfortable to live
    in. When it rained, men walked in mud up to their
    knees. The dampness and bad weather brought on
    pneumonia, influenza, and fungus skin diseases.
    The men were constantly bothered by rats and body
    lice.
  • Days and nights were filled with firing of
    artillery guns. Artillery attacks went on for
    days without stopping. Many men became
    shell-shocked from the continual fear and
    noise.

35
Trench Foot
36
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37
Trench Foot
  • Immersion foot, archaically trench foot, is a
    medical condition caused by prolonged exposure of
    the feet to damp and cold
  • Unlike frostbite, immersion foot does not require
    freezing temperatures and can occur in
    temperatures up to 60 Fahrenheit (about 16
    Celsius). Immersion foot can occur with only
    twelve hours of exposure

38
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39
Trench Mouth
40
  • Trench mouth earned its name because of its
    prevalence among soldiers who were stuck in the
    trenches during World War I without the means to
    take care of their teeth properly. As a result,
    they often developed trench mouth, a severe form
    of gingivitis that causes painful, infected,
    bleeding gums and ulcerations.

41
New Technology
  • Machine Gun
  • Poison Gas
  • Hand Grenades
  • Tanks

42
Total War
  • The Great War was a total war. It demanded ALL
    the resources of the countries that fought it.
    Governments began rationing and took control of
    all factories ordering them what to produce and
    how much to make.
  • Everything was rationed. By doing this, the
    government was sure to provide the needed
    supplies to the armies in the field.
  • Governments used propaganda to generate support
    for the war and took steps to put down any
    opposition against the war.

43
German Propaganda
44
British Propaganda
45
Irish Propaganda
46
American Propaganda
47
The Eastern Front
  • The war on the Eastern Front showed more movement
    at first, and proved to be just as destructive.
    Russian armies attacked both Germany and Austria.
  • After some early success, the Russians were
    driven back in both places. One reason was that
    Russias industries could not keep troops
    supplied properly.
  • Russia had a huge population and had the ability
    to send millions of soldiers to war. This
    potentially huge Russian army provided a constant
    threat to Germany and prevented Germany from
    putting its full resources against the allies in
    the West. This single factor would keep Germany
    from having any chance winning the war.
  • The war moved into Southwest Asia, where the
    Allies hoped to capture part of the Ottoman
    Empire called the Dardanelles. This would allow
    them to capture Constantinople, the Ottoman
    capital, and send supplies to Russia through the
    Black Sea. The attack failed and cost many men
    their lives.

48
War in the Far East
  • Japan took control of the German colonies in
    China and in the Pacific Ocean, because Germany
    was already stretched thin with their war on two
    fronts.
  • They could not send troops to defend their
    territories. The Allies also captured three of
    the four German colonies in Africa, leaving them
    with only South Africa.
  • People in the Allies colonies joined in the war
    effort and fought for both sides. It just
    depended upon their preferences.

49
The US WWI
  • The English imposed a blockade on Germany and
    kept all supplies from reaching Germany. In
    response, the Germans increased their submarine
    attacks on all ships that brought food and
    supplies to the Allies.
  • US President Woodrow Wilson protested this
    policy. When American ships were sunk and
    American lives were lost, the American people
    grew angry and began to cry out for war.

50
The Sinking of the Lusitania
  • The Lusitania, a British passenger ship was sunk
    by German u-boats, killing 1,198 people (139 were
    Americans). US citizens were furious and wanted
    war.
  • The government failed to mention that the
    Lusitania was secretly smuggling weapons to
    England in order to help fight the war, nor were
    the passengers of the ship ever warned.

51
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52
The Zimmerman Note
  • English intelligence agents intercepted a secret
    message from Germany to Mexico.
  • Germany offered help to Mexico to regain land
    lost to the US during the 1840s if Mexico would
    ally itself with Germany.

53
Russia Leaves America Enters
  • In 1917, the US entered the war and Russia left
    it.
  • Russia was out of food, clothing and weapons. The
    huge losses and poor leadership during the war
    had eroded the Russian people's support for the
    Czar. In March, he stepped down.
  • The new government pledged to continue fighting
    the war, but the Russian armies refused. The
    Russian people had grown weary from the battles
    and had lost a great deal.
  • Russia had not received as much support from the
    other Allies as they would have liked.
  • A few months later, a new revolution struck in
    Russia. Communists seized control of the
    government.
  • They quickly made a treaty with Germany, giving
    up huge amounts of land for peace.
  • In March 1918, Germany tried one final attack
    after bringing all their troops together. Once
    again, the German army nearly reached Paris.
  • The Allies, now with fresh American troops, drove
    the Germans back.

54
The End of the War
  • Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire surrendered.
  • In October of 1918, a revolution toppled the
    Emperor of Austria-Hungary.
  • In November, Kaiser Wilhelm II was forced to step
    down in Germany.
  • The new government in Germany agreed to stop
    fighting and on November 11, 1918, Europe was
    finally at peace.
  • The armistice had been reached. But other
    problems would remain.

55
A Different World
  • By that 1918, the war had reeked a terrible toll
    on millions people. It had killed thousands and
    forever changed the lives of millions more.
  • People at home and particularly the soldiers
    would never be the same.
  • With so many men in the field, women had played a
    growing role in the economies of the countries at
    war. They worked in factories, offices, and
    shops. They built planes and tanks, grew food and
    made clothing.
  • These changes had an impact on peoples attitudes
    toward what kind of work women could do. In the
    end, not many major changes would take place
    worldwide.

56
The Peace Process
  • Many nations sent delegates to peace talks in
    Paris. The main leaders were Woodrow Wilson of
    the USA, George Clemenceau of France and David
    Lloyd George of England.
  • Germany and its allies and Russia were not
    allowed to be at the peace talks.
  • Wilson pushed for his peace plan called 14
    Points. It would end secret treaties and
    alliances and give people the right to form their
    own nation.
  • He also hoped to set up a world organization that
    could police the actions of nations and prevent
    future wars.
  • Britain and France had very different views. They
    had both suffered a great deal because of the war
    and wanted to punish Germany.
  • After long debates, the leaders voted down the
    14 Points and agreed on a peace settlement
    called the Treaty of Versailles. The new treaty
    did take some parts from Wilsons plan though.

57
Treaty of Versailles(or Blueprint for WWII)
  • The treaty called for a League of Nations, a
    world organization that Wilson had wanted. It
    would include 32 nations, with the US, Britain,
    France, Japan, and Italy making up the
    leadership. Germany and Russia were banned from
    the League.
  • The treaty stripped land away from Germany in
    Europe and took away its colonies. Limits were
    placed on the size of Germany's armed forces.
  • Finally, in a move that would lead directly to
    World War II, Germany was given complete blame
    for the war.
  • This meant that Germany would have to make
    payments to the Allies for ALL of the damage
    caused during the war.
  • Germany's former colonies were given to the
    Allies to govern until they decided the colonies
    were ready for independence.
  • Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia were
    declared independent.
  • Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, once
    part of Russia, were made independent nations as
    well.
  • This move angered the Russians, but since they
    were not at the peace talks, Russia was forced to
    accept the Treaty.

58
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