LifeSpan Development

1
Life-Span Development

• Stages of Development

2
Objectives

• Describe Piagets stages of cognitive development
• Describe Kohlbergs theory of moral development
  and evaluate the criticism of his theory
• Explain the process of language development
• Compare the theories of language development
• Describe the theories of social development
• Compare competing theories from Erikson and Freud
• Explain sex role development
• READING 318-329

3
Unit Work

• Unit Cover Page
• 2 Articles (bring to class on Monday)
• Sex role development
• Gender identity
• Gender roles
• Gender stereotypes
• Assignment Debate on gender role development
• Main Question Should society indoctrinate
  students into a gender role?
• What are the common themes or stereotypes?
• What are examples of sex-typed behavior?
• How are gender roles portrayed in the media?
• How do these influence children?

4
Cognitive Development

• Piaget believed children are motivated to explore
  and understand things
• 4 stages of cognitive development
• Sensory-Motor Stage
• Preoperational Stage
• Concrete-Operational Stage
• Formal-Operational Stage

5
Sensory-Motor Stage

• From birth to 2 years
• Applying skills/reflexes to a broad range of
  activities
• Suckable vs. not
• Noise making vs. not
• Object permanence out of sight, out of mind
• Mental representations mental images or symbols
  used to think about or remember an object,
  person, event
• Imagine an object moving
• Self-image knowledge of oneself me
• Mother puts red paint on babys nose while
  pretending to clean the face
• Baby sits in front of mirror
• Under 1 year baby reaches out towards image in
  mirror
• Babies between 21 and 24 months touched their own
  nose

6
Pre-Operational Stage

• 2 to 7 years
• Thought is still tightly bound to their physical
  and perceptual experiences
• Egocentric unable to view the world from
  anothers point of view (cover own eyes so no one
  can see you)
• Beginning to use mental representations (words
  and symbols) to describe, remember, and reason
• Fantasy play cardboard box becomes a castle
• Symbolic gestures slashing arm contains
  imaginary sword that slays a dragon
• Attention is focused on one dimension at a time
• Which glass has more liquid?
• Two identical glasses
• Same liquid poured into two different shaped
  glasses

7
Concrete-Operational Stage

• 7 to 11 years
• Children become more flexible in thinking,
  consider more than one dimension at a time, see
  other viewpoints
• Principle of conservation quantity of a
  substance is not altered by reversible changes in
  its appearance
• Number, length, area, mass
• Classification of things
• Dogs can be dogs and/or animals

8
Formal-Operational Stage

• Adolescence through adulthood
• Individual becomes capable of abstract thought
• Formulate hypotheses and test them
• Understand cause and effect

9
Piagets Critics

• Are the stages distinct moving from one to the
  other or is it a more gradual process?
• Assumes that infants do not have object
  permanence but might be the way this is tested
• Cognitive development is influenced by social
  culture

10
Moral Development

• How we judge and evaluate right from wrong
• Preconventional
• Preadolescent
• Interpret behavior as concrete consequences
• Right and wrong based on rewards and punishments
• Guide moral choices based on meeting own needs
• Conventional
• Adolescence
• Right behavior pleases/helps others and is
  approved by self
• Consider abstract social values such as being a
  good citizen and respecting authority
• Postconventional
• Adulthood
• Most abstract justice, liberty, equality
• Own moral guideposts as individual evaluates what
  they believe vs. societys norms

11
Heinz Dilemma

• In Europe, a woman was near death from cancer.
  One drug might save her, a form of radium that a
  druggist in the same town had recently
  discovered. The druggist was charging 2,000,
  ten times what the drug cost to him to make. The
  sick womans husband, Heinz, went to everyone he
  know to borrow the money, but he could only get
  together about half of what it cost. He told the
  druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to
  sell it cheaper or let him pay later. The
  druggist said, No. The husband got desperate
  and broke into the mans store to steal the drug
  for his wife. (Kohlberg, p. 379)

12
Heinz Dilemma

• Stage one (obedience) Heinz should not steal the
  medicine because he will consequently be put in
  prison which will mean he is a bad person. Or
  Heinz should steal the medicine because it is
  only worth 200 and not how much the druggist
  wanted for it Heinz had even offered to pay for
  it and was not stealing anything else.
• Stage two (self-interest) Heinz should steal the
  medicine because he will be much happier if he
  saves his wife, even if he will have to serve a
  prison sentence. Or Heinz should not steal the
  medicine because prison is an awful place, and he
  would probably languish over a jail cell more
  than his wife's death.
• Stage three (conformity) Heinz should steal the
  medicine because his wife expects it he wants to
  be a good husband. Or Heinz should not steal the
  drug because stealing is bad and he is not a
  criminal he tried to do everything he could
  without breaking the law, you cannot blame him.
• Stage four (law-and-order) Heinz should not
  steal the medicine because the law prohibits
  stealing, making it illegal. Or Heinz should
  steal the drug for his wife but also take the
  prescribed punishment for the crime as well as
  paying the druggist what he is owed. Criminals
  cannot just run around without regard for the
  law actions have consequences.
• Stage five (human rights) Heinz should steal the
  medicine because everyone has a right to choose
  life, regardless of the law. Or Heinz should not
  steal the medicine because the scientist has a
  right to fair compensation. Even if his wife is
  sick, it does not make his actions right.
• Stage six (universal human ethics) Heinz should
  steal the medicine, because saving a human life
  is a more fundamental value than the property
  rights of another person. Or Heinz should not
  steal the medicine, because others may need the
  medicine just as badly, and their lives are
  equally significant.

13
Kohlbergs Critics

• Research shows that many adults do not progress
  past the conventional levelare these people
  morally underdeveloped?
• Lack of cultural differences
• Example Buddhist monks place highest value on
  alleviating suffering and showing compassion
• Boys score higher than girls so test is sexist
• Boys base judgments on justice
• Girls base judgments on caring about others and
  maintaining interpersonal relationships

14
Language Development

• 2 months infants begin to coo
• 3-4 months infants babble
• Repetition of consonant-vowel combinations
• Da to dadadadada to dabamaga
• 4-6 months infants use intonations (pitch)
• Distinguish sounds from their language from
  unfamiliar sounds
• Recognize commonly used words (mommy, daddy)
• 1 year intonate to indicate commands and
  questions signs of understanding what is being
  said to them
• First word appears around this time
  (developmental norm)

15
Language Development

• Infant-directed speech parents speak slowly and
  use simple sentences in a higher pitched voice
  with repetition and exaggerated intonations
• Holophrases one-word sentences
• Up!, Out!, More!, Awgone, Bye-bye, Ouch!
• From 12-24 months children assign everything a
  name
• Daddys, dog, cow, truck, clock
• Invent or misuse words if dont know the answer
• 2-3 years old form two- and three-word sentences
• See Daddy, Baby cry, My ball
• Overlook verb endings, prepositions, articles,
  etc.
• 3 years old shows signs of understanding verb
  tenses
• I goed to school
• Why? Why? Why?
• 5-6 years old children have vocabulary of 2,500
  words and construct sentences of 6-8 words

16
Language Acquisition Theories

• Skinner says parents reinforce sounds during the
  babbling period
• Using the word mama correctly results in a reward
• Chomsky asserts we are born with a language
  acquisition device ready to learn any language
  environment determines which one takes precedence
• Children reared without reinforcements or those
  not read to pick up language much more slowly
• Education level of the parents is a predictor in
  mastery of language
• Ability to speak in a native tongue diminishes
  by age 9-10

17
Social Development

• Social development learning to interact with
  others
• Imprinting certain species follow the first
  moving thing it sees after it is born/hatched
• Konrad Lorenz
• First source of nurturance and protection
• Attachment emotional bond that develops in the
  first year of life that makes human babies cling
  to their caregivers for safety and comfort
• Harry Harlow
• Stranger anxiety fear of unfamiliar people
  emerges at 7 months and reaches it peak at 12
  months, declining during the second year of life
• Monkey Love

18
Freud

• Theory of development focuses on how we satisfy
  the sexual instinct during the course of life
• Oral stage (birth to 18 mos) erotic feelings
  center on the mouth, lips, and tongue
• Too much oral gratification overly optimistic
  and dependent
• Too little pessimistic and hostile
• Fixated lack of confidence, gullibility,
  sarcasm, argumentativeness

19
Freud

• Anal stage (18 mos to 3.5 years) erotic feelings
  center on the anus and elimination
• Parents too strict temper tantrums and live in
  self-destructive ways stingy and excessively
  orderly
• Too lenient messy, unorganized, sloppy

20
Freud

• Phallic stage (3-6 years) erotic feelings center
  on the genitals
• Oedipus complex boys develop attachment to their
  mother and become jealous of their father
• Electra complex girls develop attachment to
  their father and become jealous of their mother
• Resolve these conflicts by learning to identify
  with the same sex parent
• Fixation vanity, egotism, low self-esteem,
  shyness, worthlessness men boast of their sexual
  progress treating women with contempt women
  become flirtatious and promiscuous

21
Freud

• Latency period (6-12) show no interest in the
  other sex
• Boys play with boys and girls play with girls
• Genital stage (puberty to adulthood) mature
  sexuality
• Sexual impulses reawaken and unfulfilled desires
  from infancy and childhood are satisfied
• Quest for immediate gratification of desires
  leads to mature sexuality
• Postponed gratification leads to a sense of
  responsibility and caring for others

22
Erikson

• Agreed with Freuds sexual development theories
  but also believed the parent-child relationship
  was important in personality development
• There are 8 stages as humans progress through
  life and the success/failures at each stage have
  permanent effects

23
Erikson

• Trust vs. mistrust (0-1 year) develop a sense
  that the world is safe and good
• Success trust the world, faith in the
  predictability of the environment, optimism for
  the future
• Failure frustration, suspicion, fear, concerned
  for own security
• Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-3) Realizing the
  self is an independent person with the ability to
  make decisions
• Success independence, able to make decisions
• Failure self-doubt by compulsively fixed
  routines or hostile rejections of all controls
  sense of inferiority if belittled by parents

24
Erikson

• Initiative vs. guilt (3-6 years) develop a
  willingness to try new things and to handle
  failure
• Success parental encouragement leads to sense
  of joy in exercising initiative and new
  challenges
• Failure feelings of guilt, unworthiness,
  resentment
• Industry vs. inferiority (6-12) learning
  competence in basic skills and to cooperate with
  others
• Success take care of oneself, be capable of
  productive work, and independent social living
• Failure feelings of inadequacy, mediocrity,
  inferiority, lose faith in power to become
  self-sufficient

25
Erikson

• Identity vs. role confusion (12-18) developing a
  coherent, integrated sense of inner self
• Success achieve identity in all roles (brother,
  friend, student, etc.)
• Failure role confusion and despair
• Intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood)
  establishing ties to another in a trusting,
  loving relationship
• Success all earlier crises must be resolved in
  order to love another and be secure in own
  identity
• Failure painful sense of loneliness and feeling
  of being incomplete

26
Erikson

• Generativity vs. stagnation (25-60 years)
  finding meaning in career, family, and community
  via productive work
• Success joy in own success
• Failure life becomes drab and routine, feel
  dull and resentful
• Integrity vs. despair (late adulthood) viewing
  ones life as satisfactory and worth living
• Success acceptance of ones life and able to
  face death
• Failure fear of death, feelings of inadequacies
  in life

27
Parent-Child Relationships

• Parents play a key role in their childs
  developing personality and how the child views
  him/herself
• Parenting styles
• Authoritarian control childs behavior rigidly
  and insist on unquestioning obedience
• Produce children who generally have poor
  communication skills and are moody, withdrawn,
  and distrustful
• Permissive-indifferent exert too little control,
  failing to set limits on their childs behavior
  neglectful, inattentive, provide little emotional
  support
• Produce children who are overly dependent and
  lacking in social skills and self control

28
Parent-Child Relationships

• Permissive-indulgent support child but fail to
  set appropriate limits on behavior
• Produce children that are immature,
  disrespectful, impulsive, and out of control
• Authoritative most successful parenting style
  provide firm structure and guidance without being
  overly controlling listen to childs opinions
  and give explanations for decisions it is clear
  that the parent makes and enforces the rules
• Produce children who are self-reliant and
  socially responsible