Blood System

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Chapter 9

• Blood System

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Functions of the Blood

• Transport food, gases and wastes to and from the
  cells of the body
• Blood, in essence, is a transportation system
• It is also liquid tissue

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What is it made of?

• Cells which include
• Erythrocytes
• Leukocytes
• Thrombocytes

• Plasma which is
• Water
• Proteins
• Sugar
• Salts
• Hormones
• Vitamins

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All in the numbers

• Cells constitute 45 of the blood volume
• Plasma makes up the other 55

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The Cells

• Most of your blood cells are born in your bone
  marrow however..
• They do not differentiate until they are told
  to do so..What do I mean by that?

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The Process of Differentiation

• All immature blood cells start out as STEM CELLS
  in the bone marrowhere they are known as
  hemocytoblasts. -blast means immature.
• Soa RBC, WBC and/or thrombocyte doesnt know
  what it is going to grow up to be when it is in
  the bone marrow.all are equal.

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The Process Continued

• Through exposure to various proteins found in the
  bloodstream, these stem cells specialize and/or
  differentiate into RBCs, WBCs or
  Thrombocytesdepending on the need.
• Each type of cell..

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Erythrocytes

• AKA Red Blood Cells
• Erythroblast -- Normoblast -- Reticulocyte-- and
  finally to erythrocyte.
• Differentiate under the influence of
  erythropoietin (erythr/o meaning red and -poiesis
  meaning formation)
• Believe it or notthis hormone comes from the
  kidneys.

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So...

• The kidneys release erythropoietin..which in
  turn stimulates the bone marrow to mature
  (differentiate) some stem cells..turning them
  into erythrocytes.
• RBCs contain hemoglobin (HgB). Actually, this is
  a protein that is made up of heme globin. Heme
  is the pigmented part and globin is the protein
  portion.

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Hemoglobin

• In the erythrocyte, hemoglobin allows the cell to
  carry 02.
• When the hemoglobin combines with oxygen in the
  bloodstream (oxyhemoglobin), the result is bright
  red blood.

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Facts

• Red Blood Cells live for approximately 120
  days.then they are destroyed by cells in the
  spleen, liver and bone marrow.
• The cells responsible for the destruction of the
  RBCs are called Macrophages.

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What you always wanted to know about fecal
material.

• This brings us to the color of feces!
• When RBCs are broken down, the hemoglobin is
  destroyed to.it is separated into its component
  parts heme (the color) and globin (the protein).
  
• The heme will release iron and break down into
  bilirubin which is green in color. The iron is
  reusedwaste not want not.

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And.

• That green bilirubin is mixed with the bile from
  your liver (which you know plays a part in
  digestion).sowhen bile is mixed with your
  foodthat means the bilirubin is also in that
  mixtureWhen you have a bowel movement, the
  bilirubin which was greenturns to brownand
  viola! That is where the color of fecal material
  comes from.

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LeukocytesA little more complicated

• There are fewer WBCs than RBCs but..there are
  more types of WBCs.
• We have two (2) categories of WBCs Granulocytes
  and Agranulocytes.
• We will start with the Granulocytes.granul/o
  granules and cyt/o cellthe cytoplasm of these
  cells has grain or granular material inside.

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GranulocytesPolymorphonuclear leukocytes

• Basophils
• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• The term polymorphonuclear is important for you
  to know..

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Basophil
The rarest. Cytoplasm dark purple stain.
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Eosinophil
Bi-lobed nucleus. Rare to find in the blood.
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Neutrophil
Most common. Horse-shoe nucleus. 2-5 lobes.
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BasophilsWhat do they do?

• Granules contain heparin and a histamine.
• 0-1 in blood sample.
• Will increase in number during an allergic
  reaction
• Using Gram stainwill stain purple.

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Neutrophils

• Granules are neutral do not stain easily.
• The are phagocytes
• Will increase in the presence of infection
• 50 - 70 in a blood sample

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Eosinophils

• Eosin/o rose
• Cytoplasm stains rose color
• Increase during an allergic reaction
• 1- 4 in a blood sample

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The Differentiation of Granulocytes

• Granulocytes are myeloid.mye/o meaning bone
  marrow and -oid meaning resembling.
• Their growth/differentiation is under the control
  of proteins called CSFs, G-CSFs, and GM-CFSs.
• RememberRBCs - erythropoietin
• Granulocytes Colony stimulating factors.

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Agranulocytes

• Without Granules
• Mononuclear
• Still Under Leukocytes

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Lymphocytes

• Come from your lymph nodes
• Are found not only in the bloodstream but in the
  lymphatic system as well.
• Very important in the immune response
• Make antibodies to destroy antigens
• 20-40 in blood sample

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Monocytes

• Phagocytic
• Pac Man
• 3-8 in bloodsample

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Two types of agranulocytes

• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes