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Basic Guidelines for Punctuation Usage

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I looked out of the window it was snowing again. I looked out of the window. ... In predicative position, commas are always used between adjectives. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Basic Guidelines for Punctuation Usage


1
Basic Guidelines for Punctuation Usage
2
Full Stop (.)
  • SENTENCE DIVISION
  • Full stops are used to close sentences. A new
    sentence has a capital letter.
  • Example
  • I looked out of the window it was snowing again
  • I looked out of the window. It was snowing
    again.

3
Full Stop (.)
  • Do not normally put full stops before
    GRAMMATICALLY INCOMPLETE SENTENCES
  • Example
  • She phoned me. As soon as she arrived.
  • She phoned me as soon as she arrived

4
Semi-colon ()
  • INSTEAD OF FULL STOPS
  • Semi-colons are sometimes used instead of full
    stops, in cases where sentences are grammatically
    independent but the meaning is closely connected.
    Semi-colons are not nearly as common as full
    stops or commas.
  • Example
  • Some people work best in the mornings, other do
    better in the evenings.
  • Some people work best in the mornings other do
    better in the evenings.

5
Semi-colon ()
  • IN LISTS
  • Semi-colons are also used to separate items in a
    list, particularly when these are grammatically
    complex.
  • He mentioned the four objectives of the CAP
  • Income support for a large population of family
    farms (the social component)
  • Increase in production and productivity mainly by
    the absorption of yield-increasing technical
    innovations
  • Food security (intended as an increase in
    self-sufficiency ratio
  • Common price and price stability for agricultural
    products.

6
Colon()
  • EXPLANATIONS
  • Colons are often used before explanations
  • We decided not to go on holiday we had too
    little money.
  • DIRECT SPEECH
  • When direct speech is introduced by a name
  • Polonius What do you read my lord?
  • Hamlet Words, words, words

7
Colon()
  • LISTS
  • A colon can introduce a list.
  • The main points are as follows
  • 1.
  • 2..
  • 3.
  • We need three kinds of support economic, moral
    and political.

8
Colon ()
  • SUBDIVISIONS
  • A colon can introduce a subdivision of a subject
    - for instance, in a title or heading.
  • Punctuation colon
  • Supply chain coordination the case of dairy
    products in Syria
  • CAPITAL LETTERS
  • In British English, it is unusual for a capital
    letter to follow a colon (except at the beginning
    of a quotation). However, this can happen if a
    colon is followed by several complete sentences.
  • My main objections are as follows
  • First of all, no proper budget has been drawn up.
  • Secondly, there is no guarantee that.

9
Dash (-)
  • The use of dash can be similar to the use of
    brackets
  • My mother-who rarely gets angry-really lost her
    temper
  • A dash can introduce an afterthought
  • We will arrive on Monday morning - at least, I
    think so.

10
Comma (,)
  • Commas generally reflect pauses in speech.
  • LISTS
  • We use commas to separate items in a series or
    list. In British English, a comma is not usually
    used with and between the last two items unless
    these are long. Compare
  • I went to Spain, Bosnia, Syria and Mexico. (US
    Syria, and Germany)
  • I spent yesterday playing the guitar, listening
    to jazz records, and talking about the meaning of
    life.

11
Comma (,)
  • ADJECTIVES
  • In predicative position, commas are always used
    between adjectives.
  • The director was tall, dark and handsome.
  • Word Order
  • If words or expressions are put in unusual places
    or interrupt the normal progression of a
    sentence, we separate them off by commas.
  • My father, however, did not agree.
  • Mr Hindi, director of the NAPC, introduced the
    lecturer.

12
Comma (,)
  • Identifying Expressions
  • The woman who was sitting behind the reception
    desk gave Paul a big smile
  • Mrs Kate, who was sitting behind the reception
    desk, gave Paul a big smile
  • Clause connected with and, but or or are usually
    separated by commas unless they are very short.
  • She had very little to live on, but she
    would never have dreamed of taking what was
    not hers
  • She was poor but she was honest

13
Comma (,)
  • Direct Speech
  • A comma is generally used between a reporting
    expression and a piece of direct speech
  • I dont like this one, said Julia.
  • Subordinate Clauses
  • When subordinate clauses begin a sentences, they
    are often separated by commas.
  • If you are ever in London, come and see me
  • Come and see me if you are ever in London

14
Comma (,)
  • Commas are not used before THAT-clauses
  • It is quite natural that you want to meet your
    mother
  • It is quite natural, that you want to meet your
    mother
  • No commas before that, what, where in indirect
    speech structures
  • Everybody realized that I was a foreigner
  • Everybody realized, that I was a foreigner
  • They quickly explained what to do
  • They quickly explained, what to do

15
Comma (,)
  • In the beginning of a sentence
  • However,
  • In addition,
  • In the light of the conclusion already stated,
    .
  • Which
  • She cycled from Damascus to Aleppo, which is
    pretty good for a woman of 75.
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