COUNSELING

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• COUNSELING
• THEORIES
• CHAPTER 7

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I. INTRODUCTION

• A. Definition of and Need for Counseling
• Counseling is a helping relationship that
  involves one party who needs help, another party
  that provides help, and a setting that allows the
  process to occur.
• Frequently, we are helping people deal with the
  feelings or emotions surrounding a communication
  disorder
• We are also providing guidance

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Often, I have found that
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B. Guidance, Counseling, and Psychotherapy

• Psychotherapy is concerned with the treatment of
  psychological abnormality
• This is the province of trained counselors and
  psychotherapists

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Counseling
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Guidance
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II. THEORIES OF COUNSELING

• A. Psychodynamic Theory
• based on psychoanalytic theory
• created by Freud
• behavior is the product of conflicts between the
  id, ego, and superego
• 5 psychosexual stages

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B. Client-Centered Theory
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(Luterman, 2008) The counselor (you, the SLP)
needs to be fully present

• You have to be in touch with your own needs and
  experiences
• You enter into a therapeutic alliance with the
  client so as to release the clients
  self-actualizing drive
• With the right therapeutic environment, the
  clients self-actualizing drive will bubble up
  and they will actively choose to make changes

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• Step 1
• Step 2

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• Step 3
• Step 4

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Some multicultural clients might not like this
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C. Behavioral Theory

• Scientists could not measure and document
  outcomes of psychoanalytic and client-centered
  approaches wanted measurement
• Behaviorists focus on what is observable, with an
  emphasis on environmental, external influences

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D. Cognitive-Behavioral Theory

• Belief clients thoughts are key to his or her
  feelings and actions
• Counseling is a 3-step process
• change the clients thinking
• change the belief system
• change the behavior

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Luterman (2008) states that
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There are some irrational thoughts that can cause
pain to clinicians and clients
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Mistakes are not OK, and I must be stupid to have
done thisits awful!

• This attitude severely limits peoples personal
  and professional growth
• Remember It is only a mistake if you do it a
  second time

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A cognitive therapist
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• 1)
• 2)
• 3)
• 4)

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For example hearing impaired client

• 1. So you dont want to wear your hearing aid
  because youre afraid people will avoid you at
  social gatherings.
• 2.When you go to the party Sat. PM, see if you
  think this is true. Observe peoples reactions to
  you.
• 3. (next session) How did people react? Oh, no
  one avoided you? You had fun?
• 4. Now that we know this, would you be willing
  to wear your hearing aid more often?

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E. Reality Therapy (Okun Krantrowitz, 2008)

• This is a branch of the cognitive-behavioral
  theory
• It was developed by psychiatrist William Glasser
• It is rational, logical, and learning oriented

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Like a breath of fresh air. ?
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8 Steps

• 1.
• 2.
• 3.

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• 4.
• 5.
• 6.

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• 7.
• 8.

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F. Eclectic Approach

• 1) accept and listen to client nonjudgmentally
  --let them express their emotions
• 2) if feelings are accompanied by negative
  thoughts that are preventing progress, help
  client test experimentally the validity of those
  thoughts
• 3) help clients implement constructive behaviors
  to deal with their communication disorder

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Again, remember
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III. DEALING WITH CLIENTS COGNITIVE
DISTORTIONS

• 1.
• 2.
• 3.

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• 4.
• 5.

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6. Should statements
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7. Catastrophizing

• People believe the worst that can happen, and
  that it will happen to them
• If my child is retained in 4th grade, hell
  become a behavior problem and maybe eventually
  turn to a life of crime

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• Mindsets that Inspire Procrastination
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.

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• 4.
• 5.

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Many Americans have low frustration tolerance
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IV. REACHING RESOLUTION

• Sometimes people cannot come to a conclusion or
  agree upon a course of action
• In these cases, I use a little Roseberry magic

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A technique I have sometimes used

• First present a solution thats really
  unpalatable
• We could not enroll Neil for stuttering therapy,
  and just let him go. Of course, the danger is,
  that when he gets to junior high, the other kids
  might really make fun of him and ostracize him.

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Next

• Present another unpalatable extreme
• I could see Neil daily for 20-30 minute
  sessions, but he would always miss social studies
  and probably fall behind.

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Lastly

• Present a middle of the road option that is
  very palatable
• A third option is that I could see Neil twice a
  week for 20 minutes, and send home brief
  assignments for you to do with him. In this way,
  he wouldnt miss too much class and we could work
  on strategies for him to be more fluent,
  especially as he goes into junior high.
• Which one of these sounds best to you?