Neurons :

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Neurons How they look How we see them
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Nissl-stained brain section
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Santiago Ramon y Cajal
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Antibody-stained brain section
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Aequorea sp.
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Osamu Shimomura
Aequorea sp.
White light
Black (UV) light
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GFP
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Thy-1 - XFP mice
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YFP-H selectively labels layer 5 pyramids
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Synapses How they look How we see them
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You can observe a lot by watching Yogi Berra
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Sternomastoid muscle
Schaefer
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NMJs are stable in wild type
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Reinnervation of muscle viewed live
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Zebrafish neuromuscular development
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All Motor Axons Labeled One Motor Axon Labeled
Feng et al , 2000
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Wild-type motor unit
number of terminals 20-40
Wylie
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Multiple XFPs
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Synaptic takeover
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GYRC3 x CREER TX fixed oculomotor nerve
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TYC9 pup1 (P11-12)
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Sensory Neurons
Feng et al. 2000
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GYRC3 x CREER TX FV1000 x60 z1.5
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Synapses How they develop
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Development of the NMJ
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Development of the NMJ
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Synapse formation the big questions
1. Differentiation a. Presynaptic (signals from
the dendrite) b. Postsynaptic (signals from the
axon) 2. Specificity a. How the axon chooses
the right postsynaptic cell b. How the
axon choose the right part of the right
postsynaptic cell 3. Rearrangement How
experience shapes connections
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Synapse formation the big questions
1. Differentiation a. Presynaptic (signals from
the dendrite) b. Postsynaptic (signals from the
axon) 2. Specificity a. How the axon chooses
the right postsynaptic cell b. How the
axon choose the right part of the right
postsynaptic cell 3. Rearrangement How
experience shapes connections
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Clustering of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs)
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The Anderson and Cohen Experiment
Myocyte
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Anderson and Cohen Conclusions Muscle can
cluster AChRs on its own. But it doesnt nerve
determines location of the postsynaptic
apparatus
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Anderson and Cohen Conclusions Muscle can
cluster AChRs on its own. But it doesnt nerve
determines location of the postsynaptic
apparatus Nerve sends a signal to the muscle
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Anderson Cohen
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Anderson Cohen
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Anderson Cohen
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Anderson Cohen
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Anderson Cohen
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Nerve-derived organizers of postsynaptic
differentiation
Agrin Ascorbic Acid a-CGRP FGF-2 Laminin-1 Midkine
N-CAM Neuregulin Transferrin
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Nerve-derived organizers of postynaptic
differentiation
Agrin Ascorbic Acid a-CGRP FGF-2 Laminin- Midkine
N-CAM Neuregulin Transferrin
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Bioassay for agrin
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Anderson Cohen
X
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The agrin hypothesis
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The knock-out method
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The agrin knockout phenotype
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Agrin is a nerve-derived organizer of
postsynaptic differentiation
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Agrin and Its Receptors
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The Agrin-MuSK-Rapsyn pathway

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HEK cells
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TYC9 pup3
mCerulean
mEYFP
TDimer2