Products from Rocks

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Products from Rocks
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Limestone
Limestone is a __________ rock made up of mainly
calcium carbonate. Its cheap and easy to
obtain. Some uses
1) Building materials limestone can be
quarried and cut into blocks to be used in
_______. However, it is badly affected by ____
____.
2) Glass making glass is made by mixing
limestone with _____ and soda
3) Cement making limestone can be roasted in
a rotary kiln to produce dry cement. Its then
mixed with sand and gravel to make _______.
Words sand, building, sedimentary, concrete,
acid rain
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Limestone
Words slaked, acidic, neutralise,
decomposition, carbon dioxide
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The Limestone Cycle
Calcium Carbonate (limestone)
Step 4 add CO2
Step 1 heat
Calcium Oxide (lime or quicklime)
Calcium Hydroxide solution (limewater)
Step 2 add a little water
Step 3 add more water and filter
Calcium Hydroxide (slaked lime)
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The structure of the atom
The Ancient Greeks used to believe that
everything was made up of very small particles.
I did some experiments in 1808 that proved this
and called these particles ATOMS
Dalton
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The structure of the atom
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Periodic Table Introduction
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Periodic table
Hello. My names Dimitri Mendeleev. In the 19th
century I arranged all the known elements into a
pattern according to their properties. This
pattern is called The Periodic Table
Horizontal rows are called PERIODS
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What does the periodic table tell you?
The MASS of the element
The SYMBOL of the element
The NAME of the element
The PROTON NUMBER of the element
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Elements and symbols that you should know
Part 1 The obvious ones

• Hydrogen
• Helium
• Lithium
• Beryllium
• Boron
• Carbon
• Nitrogen

• Oxygen
• Fluorine
• Neon
• Magnesium
• Aluminium
• Silicon
• Phosphorus

H He Li Be B C N
O F Ne Mg Al Si P
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Some more obvious ones

• Sulphur
• Chlorine
• Argon

18) Calcium 19) Zinc
S Cl Ar
Ca Zn
The less obvious ones

• Sodium
• Potassium
• Iron
• Copper
• Silver

6) Tin 7) Gold 8) Mercury 9) Lead
Na K Fe Cu Ag
Sn Au Hg Pb
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Some simple compounds
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Water, H2O
Ethyne, C2H2
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Conservation of mass in reactions
In any reaction the total mass of products is the
same as the total mass of the reactants
Example 1 Magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid
Example 2 Burning methane
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Using metals
What are the disadvantages of metals? List at
least 4
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Extracting Metals
Some definitions
A METAL ORE is a mineral or mixture of minerals
from which it is economically viable to extract
some metal.
Most ores contain METAL OXIDES (e.g. rust iron
oxide).
To extract a metal from a metal oxide we need
to REDUCE the oxygen. This is called a REDUCTION
reaction. To put it simply
Iron ore
Reduce the oxygen to make iron
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How do we do it?
Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Carbo
n Zinc Iron Tin Lead Copper Silver Gold Platinum
Oxide
Carbon
Iron
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Extracting metals

• What is an ore?
• In what form are metals usually found in the
  Earth?
• How do you get a metal out of a metal oxide?
• What is this type of reaction called?

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Using Iron
Iron produced by the blast furnace (cast iron)
contains about 96 iron and 4 impurities. These
impurities make it very brittle and easy to break.
Ironbridge, Shropshire made out of cast iron
and safe for horses and carts but not modern
vehicles.
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Using Iron
In pure iron all impurities are removed. This
makes the iron soft
Adding 1 impurities makes the iron much stronger
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Making steel
Strength
Hardness
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Alloys
Steel is an alloy i.e. a mixture of metals.
Here are other alloys
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Smart Alloys
A smart alloy is one that can remember its
original state after being bent or stretched.
These glasses are made from a smart material
if they are bent they will return to their
original shape
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The Transition Metals
Some facts
1) This section includes metals like gold,
mercury, iron, copper
2) They are all ______ and solid (except
_________)
3) They are ____ reactive than the alkali metals
4) They can form __________ compounds, usually
_______
5) They can be used as a ______ (a chemical that
speeds up a reaction)
Words hard, coloured, mercury, less, catalyst,
insoluble
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Copper, Aluminium and Titanium
Supplies of any raw material are limited so what
are the options?
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Hydrocarbons and crude oil
Crude oil is a mixture of HYDROCARBONS (compounds
made up of carbon and hydrogen). Some examples

• Longer chains mean
• Less ability to flow
• Less flammable
• Less volatile
• Higher boiling point

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Fractional distillation
Crude oil can be separated by fractional
distillation. The oil is evaporated and the
hydrocarbon chains of different lengths condense
at different temperatures
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Alkanes
Alkanes are SATURATED HYDROCARBONS. What does
this mean? HYDROCARBONS are molecules that are
made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms SATURATED
means that all of these atoms are held together
by single bonds, for example
Alkanes are fairly unreactive (but they do burn
well). The general formula for an alkane is
CnH2n2
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Burning Fossil Fuels
Burning fossil fuels like oil and coal causes
pollution.
Oil contains carbon
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas it helps
cause global warming
Coal contains carbon, sulphur and other particles
Sulphur dioxide causes acid rain. Particles can
cause global dimming sunlight is absorbed by
the particles in the atmosphere.
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Other fuel sources

• Task Identify two other fuel sources currently
  being developed and find out the following
• What is the source called and what is it made of?
• Why is the fuel better than coal?
• What are the disadvantages of this fuel?