Current Measurement Paradigm Pathway to the Vision

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Current Measurement ParadigmPathway to the Vision
The current paradigm for space-based remote
sensing relies upon frequency-specific
measurements in pre-defined orbits with fixed or
narrowly variable detection ranges. The suites
of Earth observing instruments currently deployed
or planned for deployment within the next three
years typify this approach.
Aqua Instruments AIRS - Atmospheric Infrared
Sounder AMSU - Advanced Microwave Sounding
Unit AMSR - Advanced Microwave Scanning
Radiometer CERES - Clouds and the Earth's Radiant
Energy System HSB - Humidity Sounder for
Brazil MODIS - Moderate-Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer
Aqua
Aura
15 minutes
MODIS - Determines the location of clouds
Aura Instruments HIRDLS High Resolution
Dynamics Limb Sounder MLS Microwave Limb
Sounder OMI Ozone Monitoring Instrument TES
Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer
TES - Makes ozone measurement in cloud free
regions
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Advanced Sensors and the Sensorweb
Energy balance
Active lidars with imagers and spectrometers
Agile imaging platforms with full spectrometers

• Sensor constellation with multiple vantage points
  provides
• Continuous viewing
• Ability to autonomously detect an event
• Ability to characterize phenomena and inform
  appropriate organizations

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MotivationProgrammatic Limiters to the Vision

• Length of time to plan, development and deploy
  space-based instruments for periodic focused
  measurements
• The result A decade may pass between the
  theoretical identification of a phenomenon and
  the deployment of a space-based asset limits
  measurement continuity and applicability
• Limited budgets preclude continually launching
  unique instruments targeted toward specific
  measurement needs
• The result Instrument designs are targeted to
  specific measurements and consequently once
  deployed cannot accommodate new scientific
  findings

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Technology Enablers to the VisionKey
Characteristics

• Future remote sensing instruments may need to
  employ large numbers of frequency-agile
  instruments capable of multi-scene observations.
  Real-time, autonomous adaptive sensing and
  taskability will be critical. Advanced
  capabilities will include
• Miniaturized observatories
• Robust, compact instrument architectures
• Miniaturized/programmable components
• Aperture synthesis
• Deployable apertures
• Low cost production

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Investment Areas and Enablers

• Science Areas Addressed
• Long range weather prediction
• Climate prediction
• Biosphere land process change
• Global air water quality
• Natural hazards
• Efficient management of natural resources

• Technology Investment Areas
• Detectors
• Ultra-Large Antennas Telescopes
• Lidars
• Microwave Sensing

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Leverage OpportunitiesPartnerships

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Passively Cooled Thermal IR Detectors
16 K x 16 K 150K
2 K x 2 K 130K
Array Size
1 K x 1 K 120K
256 x 256 100K
2005
2010
2020
Now
8
Frequency Agile Detectors Using Non-Linear Optics
UV
SWIR
Thermal Infrared
Accessible Spectral Region
Sub-mm
Now
2010
2020
9
Lidar Systems Roadmap
Atmospheric Chemistry, Clouds/Aerosols
Scanning H2O DIAL
Laser Altimetry
CO2
Multi-kHz microlaser altimeter cm 3D res.
Doppler Winds (Direct Detection)
UV DIAL O3 trace gases
x2 lifetime gtefficiency ltmass, cost
3J _at_ 355 nm 10m telescope 50 eff. det.
PICASSO-CENA clouds aerosols H/V res. 250m/30m
0.1 - 0.5 m ht. res.
Increasing Capability
Doppler Winds (Coherent Detection)
ICESAT 100mJ, 40Hz 0.8m optics
1J _at_ 355nm 3m telescope 35 eff. det. holographic
scan
NPOESS 1J, 12.5 Hz 0.75 - 1m optics
VCL lt1m ht. res.
300mJ _at_ 355nm 1m telescope 25 eff. det.
500mJ, 10Hz .5 m optics
Now
2007
2015
10
Microwave Sensing
Compact Sounder For Constellations
Geo Synthetic Aperture Sounding
Multi-Frequency SAR Interferometry
Array MLS
Measurement Capability
Soil Moisture/ Sea Surface Salinity Radiometer
Scanning Cloud / Precip. Radars
GEO SAMS Demo
EOS MLS
P-Band SAR
Sea Surface Wind Radiometer
Hi-Res Precip. Radar
Cloud Radar
Now
2007
2015
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Ultra-Large Antennas and Telescopes
RF Antennas
300m GEO Synthetic Aperture Radiometer Soil
Moisture and Sea Sea Surface Winds
.01
100000
Optical Telescopes
LEO Synthetic Aperture Sea Surface Salinity
10000
.1
Multifunction Membrane Structures
Areal Density (kg/m2)
Array Area (m2)
1
1000
50m High Resolution Imager
LEO Synthetic Aperture Soil Moisture and Sea
Surface Winds
Adaptive Membrane Optics
100
10
GEO High Resolution Thermal Imager
Inflatable Antennas
100
10
Deployable Segmented Telescopes
2010
Now
2020
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Data Processing Storage
Reconfigurable computing
Storage Capacity
1 Pb

• Bio Computing

1T

• Holographic photorefractive

100 Tb

• Distributed RAM-FPGA
• Interoperable processing among spacecraft and DBs
• Direct delivery to user

• Improved manufacturing/ packaging process
• 5K/Tb

10M
Number of Gates

• RAM-FPGA farm
• Advanced onboard processing algorithm uploads
• User selectable formats
• Direct delivery to user

• Miniaturized, 3D packaging
• 2 Gb stacks
• Low power, mass, volume
• 1K/Gb

1 Tb
1M

• RAM-FPGA farm
• Basic onboard processing and data compression
• Pre-defined formats/protocols
• COTS/DMBS
• Direct delivery to user

2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
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Lidar Technologies -Doppler Winds Coherent
Detection
NPOESS
1 J _at_ 2 um .75 to 1 meter telescope Diffractive
optics or lightweight telescope
Science Val
Instrument Capability
Tech Demo in Space
500mJ, 10Hz 50 cm telescope Diffractive
optics scanning
100mJ _at_ 2 um 25 cm telescope
2007
2012
Now
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Lidar Technologies -Doppler Winds Direct Detection
1000
3 J _at_ 355 10 m ø telescope 50 eff det
30
Relative Capability
300 mJ _at_ 355 1 m ø telescope 25 eff det
1 J _at_ 355 3 m ø telescope 35 eff det Holographic
scanning
1
2007
2015
Now
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Lidar Technologies -Altimetry
10 kHz Spaceborne Free Flyer (550 km)

• Applications
• Surface topography (Land, Ice, Oceans)
• Tree canopy heights (Biomass)
• Cloud heights (Radiation Balance)
• Sea level

4 kHz Shuttle Demo (300 km)
Instrument Capability
10 kHz Aircraft Demo (12 km)
2005
2010
Now