QUESTION TO CONSIDER:

1
QUESTION TO CONSIDER How do we know something
to be true? What separates the truth from
fiction, opinion, or speculation?
2
Chapter 17
CHAPTER 17 Revolution and Enlightenment

• Revolution and Enlightenment

Watteau, Pilgrimage to Cythera (1717)
3
I. The Scientific Revolution

• Traditional Sources of Knowledge
• The Bible
• The works of Aristotle
• During Renaissance
• New problems called for new solutions
• Accurate calculations, measurements for business
• Humanists master ancient Greek, Latin
• Discover new ancient theories, like

4
I. The Scientific Revolution

• Traditional Sources of Knowledge
• Ptolemy
• Greek, lived in Egypt in 2nd Cen. AD
• Could calculate past present positions of
  planets
• Ptolemaic System (p.512)
• Model of Universe, supported by Church
• Geocentric Earth in the center, still
• Surrounded by larger larger spheres
• Solid transparent
• Heavenly bodies embedded in them
• Outer-most sphere Prime Mover
• Gives motion, gate to God Heaven

Chart of the Ptolemaic System
5
I. The Scientific Revolution

• Challenges to Traditional Thought
• Nicholas Copernicus (Polish)
• Church administrator, p/t astronomer
• Felt Ptolemaic system too complicated
• On Revelations of Heavenly Spheres (1543)
• Heliocentric system (p.513)
• sun in the center
• Planets orbit the sun
• moon orbits earth
• Earth rotates on axis
• Not published until hes near death, why?
• Johannes Kepler (German)
• Laws of Planetary Motion back Copernicus

Chart of the Heliocentric System
6
I. The Scientific Revolution

• Challenges to Traditional Thought
• Galileo Galilei (Italian)
• Taught mathematics
• First to use telescope for astronomy
• Discovered mountains on the moon
• Moons around Jupiter
• heavenly bodies are made of matter
• The Starry Messenger, 1610
• Spread heliocentric theory to the masses
• Meets challenge from Catholic Church
• The Trial of Galileo
• Galileo ordered to public renounce
• 1992 Pope John Paul III, papal error

Galileo and his telescope
7
CURRENT ISSUE Evolution, Creationism, and
Intelligent Design in Schools Individual choice
in the source of truth? Place within a Science
classroom?
8
I. The Scientific Revolution

• Emergence of Modern Science
• Rene Descartes, French philosopher
• Discourse on Method, 1637
• Focused on doubt (What is real?)
• I think, therefore I am.
• Separation of mind body
• Father of rationalism use of reason
• Francis Bacon, English philosopher
• Developed a scientific method
• Inductive reasoning specific to general
• Systematic observations, controlled experiments
• Wanted to conquer nature in action

Descartes and Bacon
9
I. The Scientific Revolution

• Emergence of Modern Science
• Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist
• Principia, 1687
• Viewed as THE book of modern science
• Three Laws of Motion
• Universal Law of Gravitation
• Explained planetary orbits
• Every object in universe attracted to every other
  object through gravity
• Mathematically proved all natural motion
• Universe seen as a machine
• Popular theory until Einsteins relativity
• Andreas Vesalius (see video clip)

Sir Isaac Newton
10
QUESTION TO CONSIDER What impact did the
emergence of modern science have on European
society during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth
Centuries?
11
II. The Enlightenment

• What was it?
• enlighten to shed light on, to inform, to gain
  wisdom
• 18th Century philosophical movement within Europe
• Led by intellectuals
• Known as philosophes (French)
• Writers, profs, journalists, reformers
• Mostly nobles or middle class
• Begins with English writers
• Inspires many in France
• Enlightenment ideas spread worldwide

12
II. The Enlightenment

• Who was it? (see Enlightenment Thinkers
  worksheet)
• Rene Descartes rationalism
• John Locke natural rights
• Montesquieu separation of powers
• Voltaire religious freedom
• Diderot the Encyclopedia
• Adam Smith laissez-faire govt
• Mary Wollstonecraft gender equality

13
QUESTION TO CONSIDER How might have the rise of
Absolutism been a factor in creating the Age of
Enlightenment?
14
II. The Enlightenment

• Who was it? (cont.)
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• The Social Contract, 1762
• Society agrees to be governed by general will
• People forced to obey the general will
• General will is what is best for society
• How did it spread?
• The Salon
• Social gatherings of Enlightenment thinkers and
  upper-class spread ideas
• Growth of reading among Middle-Class
• due to increased publishing, appearance of
  magazines

15
II. The Enlightenment

• Impact of the Enlightenment
• Ideas threaten power of absolute rulers.
• rationalism
• Natural rights
• Separation of powers
• Religious freedom
• Laissez-faire economics
• Emergence of Enlightened Absolutism
• Joseph II (Austria)
• Frederick the Great (Prussia),
• Catherine the Great (Russia),
• Why?
• Ideas spread and spark REVOLUTION!

16
II. The Enlightenment

• Who was it? (see Enlightenment Thinkers
  worksheet)
• Rene Descartes
• John Locke
• Montesquieu
• Voltaire
• Diderot
• Adam Smith
• Mary Wollstonecraft