Question to Consider

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• Question to Consider
• What sort of positive and negative impacts did
  technology have on your day yesterday?

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Industrialization, Nationalism, and Imperialism

• Chapters 19-21

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I. The Industrial Revolution

• A rapid shift from an ECONOMY based on
  agriculture (farming) to one based on
  manufacturing (factories)
• Begins in Britain factors included
• Increase in food supply (potato)
• Leads to growing population (need jobs)
• Entrepreneurs have money to spend
• Abundant natural resources (like..?)
• Large supply of markets around the world

the spinning jenny
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I. The Industrial Revolution

• Began in Cotton Industry
• Cottage industry
• Hand-made crafts at home
• Water-powered loom
• More efficient to bring worker to loom
• Steam Engine (James Watt)
• Non-river factories ? growth of cities

Water-powered cotton mill
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I. The Industrial Revolution

• Railroads
• Steam-powered locomotive, rails
• Faster transport lower-priced goods
• New jobs in countryside city
• Raw materials
• Factories
• Economic growth led to investment
• More sales led to more production
• More machines needed more workers
• Constant need created labor shifts
• Raw materials

Rows of urban factories
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I. The Industrial Revolution

• Spread of Industry
• Nations wanted to compete with Britains wealth
• Spread at different rates across Europe, U.S.
• Aided by pro-industry govt policies
• Public works, infrastructure (?)

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I. The Industrial Revolution

• Social Impact
• Industry caused major urban growth
• Effects of overcrowding?
• Emergence of new social classes
• Industrial Middle Class
• Owners of machines, markets
• Industrial Working Class
• Factory workers
• Long hours, Low wages, dangerous conditions (?)
• Many women and young children (?)

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I. The Industrial Revolution

• Benefits of Capitalism
• Based on Enlightenment ideas of liberty,
  rationalism
• Private property
• Competition encourages efficiency productivity
• survival of the fittest
• Worker free to choose his or her work
• Govt plays no role

• Costs of Capitalism
• Not concerned with equality
• continues class divisions
• rich get richer, poor stay poor
• Competition pits people against each other
• Cooperation not efficient
• Laissez-faire does not factor unemployment
• i.e. Great Depression

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I. The Industrial Revolution

• Social Impact
• Birth of Socialism
• Govt owns some means of production
• Utopian socialists
• Equality of all people
• Replace competition w/ cooperation
• Later socialists (Karl Marx)
• Above were impractical dreams
• Struggle would lead to revolution
• Dictatorship would organize society
• Ultimately, classless society emerges

Karl Marx
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II. Balance of Power in Europe

• Congress of Vienna
• Held by Klemens von Metternich
• Austrian Foreign Minister
• After defeat of Napoleon
• Goal maintain stability of monarchy
• Split up territory to balance power
• No monarch could become dominant
• Principle of Legitimacy
• Lawful monarchs would be restored to power after
  Napoleon to create peace.

Klemens von Metternich
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II. Balance of Power in Europe

• Conservatism
• Philosophy based on tradition and social
  stability
• Contain the forces of change
• Obedience to political authority
• Organized religion maintains stability
• Principle of Intervention
• Great powers could send in armies to put down
  revolutions

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II. Balance of Power in Europe

• Liberalism
• People should be as free as possible from
  governmental restraints
• Beliefs
• Protection of civil liberties
• Religious toleration
• Separation of Church and State
• Favor governments with a constitution
• No to democracy
• A middle class philosophy
• The lower class must be controlled

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• Question to Consider
• What are some examples of American culture?
  What are some characteristics of American?

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II. Balance of Power in Europe

• Nationalism
• People want to unify under a common culture
• Institutions, traditions, language, customs
• Political loyalty lies only with the nation
• Each nationality should have its own govt
• Importance
• German nation w/ one government
• Hungarians want to be free from Austrian Empire

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II. Balance of Power in Europe

• Nationalism
• Importance (cont.)
• Threat to balance of power created by Congress of
  Vienna
• Conservatives fear the changes
• Liberalism becomes an ally of nationalism
• Each group of people should have its own state
  no one state should dominate another

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II. Balance of Power in Europe

• Unification
• Italy
• Northern Italy
• Kingdom of Piedmont has leadership
• King Victor Emmanuel II
• Appoints Camillo de Cavor as P.M.
• Plays both sides in a war between France and
  Austria ends up with territory in the north

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II. Balance of Power in Europe

• Unification
• Italy
• Southern Italy
• Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Raises army of 1,000, called the Red Shirts
• Conquers Sicily, moves into the mainland
• Unifies Southern Italy, gives land to Piedmont,
  Italian Unification is complete under King Victor
  Emmanuel II

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II. Balance of Power in Europe

• Unification
• Germany
• Prussia is the strongest state
• Known for militarism (reliance on ones military)
• King William I appoints Otto von Bismarck as P.M.
• Tricked France into war w/Prussia
  Franco-Prussian War
• French surrender, cede territory
• William became Kaiser (Caesar) of Germany

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II. Balance of Power in Europe

• Emergence of the Nation-State
• What we think of as country or nation
• Common territorial boundary
• Common culture, race?
• Result of capitalist culture (?)
• Most people consider themselves members of a
  nation-state
• Over 200 today, third less than 30 yrs old
• Impact of nation-state on the use of force?

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• Questions to Consider Heart of Darkness
• What opinion does the author have of the
  criminals (the indigenous African people)?
•  
• How might this novel have effected the public
  opinion of Europeans toward their governments
  policies of imperialism in Africa?
•   
• What statement do you think Conrad was trying to
  make when he named this novel Heart of Darkness?

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III. European Imperialism

• Imperialism
• The extension of a nations power over other
  lands.
• Causes
• Western, capitalist states wanted new markets and
  raw materials
• Justifications
• Social Darwinism
• In struggles between nations, fit will survive
• White Mans Burden
• Civilize the savage races of world

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III. European Imperialism

• Direct rule vs. indirect rule
• Direct
• Local rulers are removed and replaced by set of
  officials from ruling country
• Ex. India
• Indirect
• Local rulers are left in power and work for the
  ruling country
• Ex. Dutch East Indies