By Mrs. Connolly

1
Fun with Macromolecules!(Simple/C.N.P.L.)

• By Mrs. Connolly
• Science Department
• Santa Fe High School

2
Remember

• Monomers single parts that make up a polymer
• Polymer large (macro) molecule formed by
  monomers
• Monoone
• Polymany

3
Carbohydrates

• Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms
• Used as a main source of energy
• You know them as starches and sugars
• Some examples are pasta (starch), potatoes
  (starch), bread (starch), fruit (sugar), and
  candy (sugar).
• Starch is made up of single molecules (monomers)
  of sugar , to form a polymer of sugars.
• There are two types of sugars
• Monosaccharides like glucose, galactose, and
  fructose.
• Polysaccharides

4
Carbohydrates

• Examples are
• Glycogen or animal starch which is stored as an
  excess sugar. So when your body runs low on
  sugar, glycogen can be released to help your
  muscles move
• Plant Starch this is how plants store excess
  sugar
• Cellulose this is another way plants store
  sugar to help with their flexibility and
  firmness.

5
Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids are made up of hydrogen, oxygen,
  nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorous.
• They are made up of nucleotides.
• There are 3 parts to a nucleotide
• 1. Sugar
• 2. Phosphate
• 3. Base Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
  (DNA only), Uracil (RNA only).

6
Nucleic Acids

• The two types of nucleic acids are
• 1. DNA
• 2. RNA

7
Proteins

• They contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
  nitrogen.
• Polymers of amino acid molecules.
• In other words amino acids are the monomers of
  proteins.
• There are more than 20 amino acids found in
  nature.
• You only need to eat 8 of them in your diet to
  get the remaining 12
• The instructions to make proteins come from DNA.
• PolypeptideProtein

8
Proteins

• Examples
• Enzymes (Speeds up chemical reactions)
• Collagen (In your ears, and skin)
• Antibodies (Helps fight diseases)
• Hormones (Growth Hormone)
• Rhodopsin (Helps you see)

9
Lipids

• Made from Carbon and Hydrogen
• Categories Fats, oils, and waxes
• Lipids store energy.
• Some examples are
• Steroids
• Saturated fats
• Unsaturated fats
• What is better for you.saturated or unsaturated?

10
From the University of Florida College of Health
and Human Performance

• The difference between saturated and unsaturated
  fat in a word is hydrogen.
• If the fatty acids contain all the hydrogen
  possible, they are said to be saturated.
• If not completely full of hydrogen, fatty acids
  are termed unsaturated. This because they have
  double bonds.

11
From the University of Florida College of Health
and Human Performance

• All foods contain a mixture of saturated and
  unsaturated fats. For example, poultry contains
  30 saturated fat and 70 unsaturated fat.
• Beef, pork, and lamb have about equal amounts of
  each.
• Vegetable fats, like corn oil, olive oil, sesame
  oil, soybean oil, and peanut oil, contain
  approximately 14 saturated and 85 unsaturated
  fats.
• Saturated fats are usually solid at room
  temperature.
• Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.
• Would you rather have fats in your arteries that
  are in solid or liquid form?

12
FYI

• Cholesterol is NOT a fat, although it is often
  confused as a saturated fat, it belongs to the
  family of steroids! Its still a lipid though.
  Most of the cholesterol in our blood is produced
  in our livers from a wide variety of foods -- but
  especially from saturated fat.

13
Take home message

• We should limit our consumption of all types of
  fat to 30 of our total calories (so if you eat
  2000 calories a day, thats 600/2000), with 10
  (200 calories) or less of these calories coming
  from saturated fat, the principal raw material in
  cholesterol production. We should also limit our
  daily cholesterol intake to 300 milligrams. One
  egg, for instance, contains about 270 milligrams
  of cholesterol. Nearly all of it is in the yolk.