Endocrine and Reproduction

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Endocrine and Reproduction

• Ms. Walters
• Miller and Levine Biology

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Glands

• Exocrine gland
• Gland that uses a duct to carry the product
• Example are glands in the digestive system
• Endocrine glands
• Glands that release their product directly into
  the blood stream
• Ductless glands

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Hormones

• A hormone is a chemical that is made in one part
  of the body and affects another
• Target cells
• Cells affected by a hormone

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Endocrine vs. nervous system

• Both are responsible for controlling the body
• Nervous is short term but fast response
• Endocrine is long term but delayed

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Hormone action

• Steroid hormones

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Nonsteroid hormones
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Prostaglandins

• Local hormones
• Prostaglandins are produced in small quantities
  by many cells throughout the body.  Rather than
  being transported through the blood to distant
  regions of the body, prostaglandins ACT LOCALLY.

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Control of the Endocrine SystemNegative
Feedback
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Human Endocrine System
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Pituitary

• Considered the master gland
• Releases nine hormones
• that directly regulate many body fucntions
• Some that control the action of several other
  endocrine glands
• Has its own master- the hypothalamus

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See page 1004 Figure 39-7 Pituitary
gland hormones
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Masters masterhypothalamus

• Controls the secretions by the pituitary gland
• Posterior pituitary stores and releases two
  hormones ADH and Oxytocin that are made in the
  hypothalamus
• Anterior pituitary makes and releases 7 hormones
  under the direction of the hypothalamus
• Many of these are tropic hormones

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Thyroid

• Major role in controlling metabolism
• Makes and releases thyroxine
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypothyroidism
• cretinism

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thyroxine
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Parathyroid Glands

• Release parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• Increases reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys
  and increases the uptake of calcium by s.
  intestines
• Important for promoting proper nerve and muscle
  function and bone structure

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Adrenal Glands
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Adrenal cortex

• Produces corticosteroids
• Example cortisol
• Helps control the rate of metabolism of
  carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

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Adrenal Medulla

• Regulated by the sympathetic nervous system
• Release epinephrine and norepinephrine
• Fight or flight

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Pancreas

• Cluster of cells called the islets of Langerhans
• Beta cells
• Secrete insulin
• Stimulates cells in the liver and muscles to
  remove sugar from blood and store it as glycogen
  or fat
• Alpha cell
• Secrete glucagon
• Stimulate break down of glycogen and addition of
  glucose back into the blood

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Diabetes Mellitus

• See fig 39-10 page 1007

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The Male Reproductive System
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Sexual Development

• First six weeks of development embryos are the
  same
• Surge of male hormone codes for male structure
  development
• Puberty
• Rapid growth and sexual maturation
• Begins when hypothalamus signals the pituitary to
  produce increasing levels of hormones that effect
  gonads
• FSH- follicle stimulating hormones
• LH- luteinizing hormone

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Male Reproductive System
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• Testis- just before birth testis descend into
  scrotum (maintain low temp for sperm production)
• Seminiferous tubules are tiny tightly coiled
  tubules where sperm is produced

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Sperm development

• Produced in seminiferous tubules
• Moved to epididymis- area where sperm mature and
  are stored
• Then move to the vas deferens

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• Vas deferens extends upward from the scrotum into
  abdominal cavity
• Vas deferens merges with the urethra
• Leads to outside of body through penis

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• Glands aid in the formation of nutrient rich
  seminal fluid
• Seminal vesicles secretes a fructose-rich fluid.
• Prostate secretes a milky alkaline fluid
• Bulbourethral (Cowpers) secretes a mucus-like
  fluid that provides lubrication for intercourse.
• Prostaglandins
• Seminal fluid and sperm is semen

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Sperm release

• Autonomic nervous system prepares male for sperm
  release
• Sperm is ejected by contractions of the smooth
  muscles lining the glands of the reproductive
  tract
• 2 to 6 milliliters of semen is released
  containing 200 to 600 million sperm

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The Female Reproductive System
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• Puberty in females starts when the hypothalamus
  signals the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH
• FSH stimulates the cells in the ovaries to
  produce estrogen
• Estrogen is the female sex hormone
• Estrogen stimulates secondary sex characteristics
  in females

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Main structures of the female reproductive system

• Ovaries
• Fallopian tubes (oviducts)
• Uterus
• Vagina

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http//www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/
BioBookREPROD.html
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Placenta- connection between mother and fetus
(embryo )
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At 3.5 weeks the fetus will have formed the
heart begins development of the brain and spinal
cord starts forming the gastrointestinal tract
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At 8.5 weeks the embryo now resembles a human
facial features continue to develop beginnings
of external genitalia form anal passage opens,
but the rectal membrane is intact circulation
through the umbilical cord is well developed
long bones begin to form
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fetus
A fetus at 12 weeks can make a fist and suck its
thumb.
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At week 16, the fetus reaches a length of about
6 inches makes active movements makes sucking
motions with the mouth
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At 24 weeks the fetus has fully devloped eyes
has a hand and startle reflex is forming
footprints and fingerprints is forming alveoli
in lungs
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At 26 to 28 weeks a fetus is rapidly developing
its brain controls some body functions has
eyelids which open and close has a rapidly
developing respiratory system
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At 30 to 32 weeks a fetus has increased central
nervous system control over body functions has
rhythmic breathing movements is still developing
lungs is partially in control of body
temperature
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Oxytocin and birth
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Infancy 4 weeks to 2 years
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Childhood
Period between infancy and puberty 80 of
skeletal growth Key elements of personality are
established
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Adolescence

• Begins with puberty and ends with adulthood
• Surge in sex hormones and growth spurt
• Continual development in intellectual skills and
  personality changes.

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Adulthood

• Highest level of physical strength and
  development between the ages of 25 and 35
• Begin to break down