Chapter 3: Global Warming

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Chapter 3 Global Warming
A lie can run round the world before the truth
has got its boots on.-- (Terry Pratchett, The
Truth A good plan isn't one where someone wins,
it's where nobody thinks they've lost.-- (Terry
Pratchett, The Amazing Maurice and his Educated
Rodents) The truth may be out there, but lies
are inside your head.-- (Terry Pratchett,
Hogfather) He's muffed it," said Simony. "he
could have done anything with them. And he just
told them the facts. You can't inspire people
with facts. They need a cause. They need a
symbol." -- (Terry Pratchett, Small Gods)
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Quiz 10

• Please give the Lewis structure, the electron
  pairs in the structure and the shape of the
  following molecules.
• NF3
• SO2

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Where we are

• Chapter 3
• lecture will Finish chapter 3
• Work All problems
• choose one of 49, 50, 55, 56, 57, 60 Turn in on
  Thursday.
• Start reading Chapter 4
• We are about 2 days behind on the schedule so
• Paper Due Dates
• Mar 8 BibliographyMar 26 Outlines April 9
  Papers due

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Where we are

• Tommorow
• Bring Questions on chapter 3
• Science and policy
• look at figure 3.27 and 3.28
• think about consider this 3.43 and 3.44

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Mole SI definition the number equal to the
number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 g of pure
C-12.
Atomic number
Avogadros number is 6.022 x 1023
Mass number
A mole of atoms of any element has a mass (in
grams) equal to the atomic mass of the element in
amu.
The carbon cycle
3.7
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6.022 x 1023
Atomic number
One mole of carbon has a mass of 12.01 grams 1
mol C 12.01 g
Mass number
If you have 36.03 g of carbon, how many moles is
that?
1 mol C
36.03 g C x
3.0 mol C
12.01 g C
The carbon cycle
3.7
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Determining the molar mass of a compound

• Count up the atoms
• Add up the masses of each of the atoms
• the total represents both the atomic mass and the
  molar mass of the compound.
• - Examples
• CO2 NH3 SO3

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Determining the molar mass of a compound

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Keep these relationships in mind
use molar mass
molecules
grams
use Avogadros number
moles
Remember the critical link between moles and
grams of a substance is the molar mass.
THINK IN TERMS OF PARTICLES!
3.7
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Determining the percent of a material in a
compound

• determine the molar mass of the compound
• place the atomic mass x the number of atoms in
  the compound in the numerator
• place the molar mass of the compound in the
  Denominator
• Multiply the fraction by 100
• CO2 H2O SO3

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How much CO2 Does 1 metric ton of Carbon make

• C O2? CO2
• For every Carbon we get a CO2
• This simplifies our calc
• CO2 27 carbon
• 1 tonne/27 1tonne/.27
• 3.67 tonnes of CO2

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CO2 emission sources from fossil fuel consumption
Deforestation contributes another 1-2 bmt/year
3.5
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Other green house gasses and there impact
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Amplification of Greenhouse Effect Global
Warming What we know
1. CO2 is correlated to an elevated global
temperature.
2. The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has
been increasing over the past century.
3. The increase of atmospheric CO2 is a
consequence of human activity.
4. Average global temperature has increased over
the past century.
3.2
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What might be true
1. CO2 and other gases generated by human
activity are responsible for the temperature
increase.
2. The average global temperature will continue
to rise as emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse
gases increase.
3.9
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3.2
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Loss of Polar Ice Cap
NASA Study The Arctic warming study, appearing
in the November 1 2003 issue of the American
Meteorological Society's Journal of Climate,
showed that compared to the 1980s, most of the
Arctic warmed significantly over the last decade,
with the biggest temperature increases occurring
over North America.
1979
2003
Perennial, or year-round, sea ice in the Arctic
is declining at a rate of nine percent per
decade.
3.9
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Loss of Polar Ice Cap
1979
As the oceans warm and ice thins, more solar
energy is absorbed by the water, creating
positive feedbacks that lead to further melting.
Such dynamics can change the temperature of
ocean layers, impact ocean circulation and
salinity, change marine habitats, and widen
shipping lanes.
2003
3.9
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The snows of Kilimanjaro
82 of ice field has been lost since 1912
3.9
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Recognizing the problem of potential global
climate change, the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) and the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP) established the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
in 1988. It is open to all members of the UN and
WMO.
3.9
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Levels of confidence
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3.9
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Climate Models

• Climate models have been both vilified and
  praised in the area of global warming
• The models are complex and although initial
  models were inadequate current models both match
  prior data and represent reasonable predictions
  of what is to come.

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Thoughts on Policy

• While Scientific research is not properly carried
  out by consensus, Science policy should be.
  That is societies best bet is to rely on the
  scientific consensus even though once in a while
  the contrarians will prove to be correct and will
  eventually change that consensus. Society
  normally cannot afford to act solely on far-out
  views on scientific issues-Most of which
  eventually prove to be wrong. -Paul Ehrlich-

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• Kyoto Protocol - 1997 Conference
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
  certified the scientific basis of the greenhouse
  effect.
• Kyoto Protocol established goals to stabilize and
  reduce atmospheric greenhouse gases.
• Emission targets set to reduce emissions of six
  greenhouse gases from 1990 levels.
• (CO2, CH4, NO, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6)
• Trading of emission credits allowed.
• The Kyoto Protocol, an international and legally
  binding agreement to reduce greenhouse gases
  emissions world wide, entered into force on 16
  February 2005.

3.11
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Complaints about Kyoto

• Will Cripple economies.
• Emerging economies will swamp established
  economies cuts.
• Will Cause economic disruption and exacerbate
  poverty world wide
• We dont know if it will help prevent climate
  change, so there is no benefit.

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countries who have not signed Kyoto treaty
Per capita CO2 Emissions
3.11