Height Modernization

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Height Modernization

• Curt Smith
• National Geodetic Survey
• P.O. Box 140533
• Boise, ID 83714
• 208-332-7197
• Curt.Smith_at_noaa.gov

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Heights Matter!
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North Carolina Floodplain Mapping
2002 Detail Mapping vs. Effective Approximate
Mapping
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Physically Monumented Points
Stainless steel rod driven to refusal 1980s
Poured in place concrete post 1954
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NGS Data Sheet www.ngs.noaa.gov
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Monumented Points Deterioration
Disturbed Geodetic Control Coordinates/Elevations
Questionable
Destroyed Geodetic Control No Coordinates/Elevatio
n
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USGS Topographic Map
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Subsidence Areas
Questionable Elevation Data
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Obstruction Visibility Diagram
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A Stability First Order Class II NAVD88 Bench
Mark Its Gotta be Good!
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Bench Mark G 506
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BM 100
BM

• Conventional Leveling
• Precise
• Labor Intensive

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Global Positioning System
27 Satellites 6 Planes, 55 Rotation 4/5
Satellites /Plane 20,183 km Orbit 1 Revolution
/12 Hrs
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http//www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/gravity/
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Ellipsoid, Geoid, and Orthometric Heights
h H N
Earths
Surface
P
Plumb Line
Ellipsoid
h
Q
N
Mean
Sea
Geoid
Level
PO
Ocean
h (Ellipsoid Height) Distance along ellipsoid
normal (Q to P)
N (Geoid Height) Distance along ellipsoid
normal (Q to PO)
H (Orthometric Height) Distance along plumb
line (PO to P)
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In Search of the Geoid
Courtesy of Natural Resources Canada
www.geod.nrcan.gc.ca/index_e/geodesy_e/geoid03_e.h
tml
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Vertical Datum Relationships
3-D Datums
Orthometric Datums
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Station ID 9455920
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Vertical Markers Set to Local Tidal Datum
Juneau
Yakutat
Sitka
Pribilof Islands
Ketchikan
Chignik
32 Marks
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Importance of Shoreline
AL, AK, CA, CT, FL, GA, LA, MD, MS, NJ, NY, NC,
OR, RI, SC, WA
Territorial Seas
Privately Owned Uplands
State Owned Tidelands
Contiguous Zone
Exclusive Economic Zone
State Submerged Lands
Federal Submerged Lands
High Seas
3 n. mi.
12 n. mi.
MHHW
200 n. mi.
MHW
MLLW
Chart Datum
Privately Owned
State Owned
Privately Owned
State Owned
TX
DE, MA, ME, NH, PA, VA
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Plate Boundary Observatory
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P.B.O. Status Report
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San Francisco Bay Demonstration Project
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Two Days/Same Time
-10.254
gt -10.253
-10.251
Difference 0.3 cm
Truth -10.276
Difference 2.3 cm
Two Days/Different Times
-10.254
gt -10.275
-10.295
Difference 4.1 cm
Truth -10.276
Difference 0.1 cm
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Two Days/Same Time
20.660
gt 20.661
20.662
Difference -0.2 cm
Truth 20.615
Difference 4.6 cm
Two Days/Different Times
20.660
gt 20.637
20.614
Difference 4.6 cm
Truth 20.615
Difference 2.3 cm
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Guidelines for Establishing GPS-Derived Ellipsoid
Heights (Standards 2 cm and 5 cm)
www.ngs.noaa.gov
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DRAFT
A Guide for Establishing GPS-Derived
Orthometric Heights (Standards 2 cm and 5 cm)
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DRAFT
Electronic Digital/Bar-Code Leveling User
Guide (Version 2)
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Height Modernization Layout
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Sample Project
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Sample Project Information

• Area East San Francisco Bay Project
• Latitude 37 50 N to 38 10 N
• Longitude 121 45 W to 122 25 W
• Receivers Available 5
• Standards 2 cm GPS-Derived Heights

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GPS-Usable Stations
3820N
CORS HARN NAVD88 BM New Station
Spacing Station
Primary Base Station
LATITUDE
8.2km
3750N
12235W
12140W
LONGITUDE
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Primary Base Stations
3820N
CORS HARN NAVD88 BM New Station
D191
10CC
19.0km
Primary Base Station
28.7km
25.7km
LATITUDE
38.3km
31.6km
38.7km
25.8km
LAKE
MART
29.6km
MOLA
3750N
12235W
12140W
LONGITUDE
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East Bay Project Points
3816N
CORS HARN NAVD88 BM New Station Spacing Station
D191
TIDD
10LC
X469
Primary Base Station
MONT
Z190
DROU
BM20
Q555
LATITUDE
04KU
CATT
TOLA
TIDE
5144
ZINC
8.2km
PT14
R100
P371
04HK
LAKE
MART
3755N
12140W
12220W
LONGITUDE
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Observation Sessions
3816N
Session F
Session E
CORS HARN NAVD88 BM New Station Spacing Station
Session D
Primary Base Station
Session G
LATITUDE
Session A
Session C
Session B
3755N
12140W
12220W
LONGITUDE
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Independent Base Lines
3816N
F
CORS HARN NAVD88 BM New Station Spacing Station
F
E
F
E
G
D
Primary Base Station
E
F
E
D
LATITUDE
D
G
D
G
G
C
B
A
C
A
A
B
8.2km
B
A
C
C
B
3755N
12140W
12220W
LONGITUDE
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Observation Schedule
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OPUS - Multiple CORS Providing Position to Base
Receiver
CORS Base Receiver Rover Receiver
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NOAA AND THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI
ESTABLISHNEW TIDE AND WATER LEVEL STATION IN
OCEAN SPRINGSStation Helps Measure Hurricane
Surge and Land Sink
May 26, 2005 NOAA and the University of
Southern Mississippi inaugurated a new tide and
water level station at the university's Gulf
Coast Research Laboratory in Ocean Springs, Miss.
The reference station provides highly accurate
positioning information to the coastal surveying,
engineering and science community. By linking a
CORS station with a long-term water level
station, there are many applications that will be
supported, such as long-term subsidence
measurements, relative sea level trends
assessments, storm surge monitoring from
hurricanes and other coastal storms, shoreline
change and habitat restoration.
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Digital Photogrammetric Image showing a small
harbor in AK with the shoreline vectors and
points for NOAA nautical charting. The important
thing to understand here is the blue line which
is Mean Higher Water (MHW) - by definition the 0
contour of this vertical datum is the official
shoreline of the U.S.
Height modernization throughout the state would
enable standardization and increase relative
accuracies of mapping projects across the state.
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LIDAR Light Detection and Ranging

• Active system
• Coupling of several technologies
• Optical Laser/GPS/IMU

What really makes it work is that each subsystem
is precisely time-tagged. The data are blended
together in post-processing to produce x,y,z
coordinates
Image credit Optech Inc.
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The GPS constellation has finally begun
modernizing! The first GPS Block IIR-M satellite
was launched at 1137 p.m. on 25 September 2005.
The IIR-M carries all the capabilities of the old
GPS satellites, plus capabilities of broadcasting
both the new civilian L2C signal, as well as new
military M-code signal. For civilians,
including the surveying and mapping communities,
the L2C signal allows for in-the-field ionosphere
corrections to code based surveying, reducing by
meters the inaccuracies of previous GPS
positioning. For those using more accurate
carrier phase positioning, the L2C signal
represents a more robust signal, hopefully
reducing the number of cycle slips on L2.
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Curt Smith National Geodetic Survey Phone
208-332-7197 E-Mail Curt.Smith_at_noaa.gov