Feed Nutrients

1
Feed Nutrients

• Objectives
• Identify major functions of basic nutrient groups
  and feeds that are sources for each.

2
Nutrients

• A chemical element or compound that aids in the
  support of life.
• Necessary for cells to live, grow, and function
  properly.
• Many needed and must be in the proper balance
• Lack of one or more nutrients will slow growth

3
5 Groups of Nutrients

• Energy Nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, and oils)
• Proteins
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Water

4
Energy Nutrients - Carbohydrates

• Main energy function
• Made up of sugars, starches, cellulose, and
  lignin
• Chemically composed of carbon, hydrogen, and
  oxygen
• Energy powers muscular movement
• Produce body heat
• Extra Carbs are stored as fat

5
Simple and Complex Carbohydrates

• Simple
• Sugars and Starches
• Referred as nitrogen free extract (nfe)
• Come from cereal grains (corn, etc)

• Complex
• Cellulose and lignin
• Called Fiber
• More difficult to digest
• Found mostly in roughages (hay, grass)

6
Fiber Content of Feeds

• Simple stomached animals can not digest large
  amounts of fiber, and their ration must be made
  up of mostly cereal grains.
• Ruminant animals can eat large amounts of fiber,
  and a high percentage of their ration is roughage

7
Energy Nutrients - Fats and Oils

• Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but
  contain more carbon and hydrogen atoms than
  carbohydrates
• For this reason fats have 2.25 times as much
  energy value than carbohydrates
• Fats are solid at body temperature
• Oils are liquid at body temperature

8
Fats and Oils

• They are easily digested in the animal
• Provide energy and body heat
• Carry fat-soluble vitamins
• Come from both vegetable and animal sources
• Vegetable fat ranges from 1.8 to 4.4
• Animal fat ranges from 1 to 10.6

9
Crude Protein

• Total Protein
• Not all is digested
• 60 in ruminant rations is digested
• 75 in non-ruminant rations is digested
• Digestible Protein- amount of true protein in the
  feed

10
Proteins

• Organic compounds made up of amino acids
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
  Some may contain sulphur, phosphorus, and iron
• Supply materials to build body tissue (ligaments,
  hair, hooves, skin, organs, and muscle are
  partially formed by protein)

11
Nutrients

• If an animal takes in more protein than needed,
  nitrogen is separated and given off as urine
• The material left is then is then converted into
  energy or body fat
• Essential amino acids - needed by the animal and
  the animal cant produce the amino acid
• Non - Essential amino acids - needed by the
  animal but are synthesized from other amino acids.

12
Non-Essential Amino Acids

• Needed by animals but synthesized in the body
  from another amino acids there for do not need to
  be provided in the ration

13
Amino Acids in Ruminant and Non- Ruminant Animals

• Non-ruminant animals can not synthesize the
  essential amino acids fast enough to meet the
  animals needs therefore those essential amino
  acids must be provided in the ration
• Ruminant animals generally synthesize the
  essential amino acids by the rumen at a rate to
  meet the needs of the animal

14
Sources of Protein

• Animal source protein are considered good-quality
  proteins since they contain a good balance of
  essential amino acids
• Plant proteins are thought to be poor-quality
  proteins because they lack some amino acids

15
Proteins in Ruminants

• Can be met by feeding proteins of vegetable
  sources
• Also by feeding urea (synthetic nitrogen source
  made from air, water and carbon)
• Urea is mixed with the ration to to provide
  nitrogen for making amino acids in the ruminants
  body

16
Proteins in Simple Stomached Animals

• Need to feed balanced ration with the right
  balance of essential amino acids
• If grains are combined in the correct combination
  they will provide a balanced ration.
• Soybean meal is most commonly used

17
Protein Sources

• Plant
• Linseed meal
• Dehulled soybean meal
• Cottonseed meal
• Dehydrated alfalfa meal

• Animal
• Meat meal
• Fish meal
• Dried whey
• Casein
• Dried Milk

18
Vitamins

• Trace organic compounds or needed in small
  amounts
• All vitamins contain carbon
• Two types of vitamins Fat soluble and Water
  soluble

19
Fat Soluble Vitamins

• Dissolved in fat
• Vitamins A, D, E, and K
• Vitamin A - associated with healthy eyes, good
  conception rate, and disease resistance
• Vitamin D - assoc. with good bone development and
  mineral balance of the blood

20
Fat Soluble Vitamins

• Vitamin E - associated with normal reproduction
  and muscle development
• Can also help immune system
• Vitamin K - Helps with blood clotting and
  prevents excessive bleeding from injuries

21
Sources of Fat Soluble Vitamins

• Green leafy hay
• Yellow Corn
• Cod Liver
• Fish Oils
• Wheat Oil
• Vitamin D is produced in the body when sunlight
  is present

22
Water Soluble Vitamins

• Vitamin C - Helps teeth and bone formation and
  prevents infections
• Vitamin B complex - needed for chemical reactions
  in the body and help improve appetite, growth and
  reproduction

23
Sources of Water Soluble Vitamins

• Vitamin C is found in green pastures and also
  farm animals can produce enough vitamin C in
  their body
• Vitamin B complex sources- green pastures, cereal
  grains, hay, milk, fish solubles, and animal
  proteins

24
Minerals

• Needed in small amounts
• Contain NO Carbon (if the feed was burned the
  ash left would be minerals)
• Provide material for growth of bones, teeth,
  tissue, regulate chemical processes, aid in
  muscular activities, and release energy for body
  heat
• Two types - Major and Trace Minerals

25
Major Minerals

• Needed in large amounts
• Salt, calcium, and phosphorus

26
Trace Minerals

• Needed in small amounts
• Potassium, sulfur, magnesium, iron, iodine,
  copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese, boron,
  molybdenum, fluorine, and selenium
• Most trace minerals are in the feed

27
Water

• Makes up the most of the living organism
  (40-80)
• Helps dissolve nutrients, controls body
  temperature of the animals body.
• Water in the blood acts as a carrier of nutrients
  and is necessary for chemical reactions
• Animals can live longer without food than water