Next Week: Memory

1
Next Week Memory

• Without writing them down, try to remember these
  words
• Hatchet
• Apricot
• Oak
• Mustang
• Orange
• Camaro
• Saw
• Maple
• Screwdriver
• Birch
• Viper
• Apple
• Hammer
• Ferrari
• Strawberry
• Pine

2
Social Learning theory

• Monkey see monkey do learning
• Probably most significant basic learning approach
  for humans
• involves higher amount of cognitive reasoning
• active or passive?
• Advantage over trial and error
• highly advantages in social situations
• Involves an interaction with biology
• we are wired to seek out social information
• look for routines in new social situations

3
Why imitate?

• Shortcut approach to learning
• Involves visual encoding of procedural
  information
• then can be tried to allow for motor encoding
• ex. Bike riding
• Most modern human tasks too complex to figure out
  without imitation
• consider playing a violin
• Imitation involves a sense of willful volition
• we dont imitate if we dont want to
• Strongest for procedural tasks, moderate for
  social tasks, weakest for personality/moral tasks

4
Imo

• Japanese Macaque experiment
• rice
• Demonstrates some principles of social learning
• Only those who wanted to imitate do so
• Less imitation in older adults
• learning computers in the elderly
• Greater imitation in young and adolescents
• consider the behavior of teenagers (or college
  students for that matter)

5
Bandura

• Grew up in the era of Operant Conditioning
• Questioned the exclusion of cognitive factors
• Operant Conditioning theory requires direct
  reinforcement
• 20 questions
• Vicarious reinforcement
• Modeling
• Serious rift with Skinner

6
Bo-Bo Doll

• One of most classic psyche experiments
• Well documented that children and adults will
  mimic what they see
• works for both males and females
• however male models of aggression worked better
• but
• effects are small
• effects are short-lived
• competing models exist in real life
• Real aggression didnt work
• Aggression or pleasing

7
Is Violence Learned?

• Controversial issue
• Wide body of literature suggests humans are
  innately violent
• On going theory regarding media violence but
• humans have always been violent
• violence rates in 1930s, 1800s
• current decline in violent crimes
• violent media in other nations
• may be symptom, not a cause
• vast majority of humans exposed to violent media
  do not become violent
• can specify the actual behaviors however
• We like simple explanations for complex
  phenomenon
• passive modeling was never intended by Bandura
• Desensitization versus behavior change
• what about other forms of learned violence?

8
Violence in the Family

• Probably a much more powerful model of violence
• particularly if violence is taught as a moral
  prerogative
• no positive models are available
• Yet this research remains controversial also
• most child victims of abuse do not become abusers
• Many adult abusers are not former victims
• self-report bias problematic in both directions
• Exposure to violence then is a risk factor for
  future violence, but not a CAUSE per se.

9
Who do we model?

• We choose who to model
• Modeling then, is active, not passive
• Factors involved
• same gender
• older models
• those we are emotionally close to
• competent models

10
Triadic Reciprocal Causation
11
Social Cognitive theory

• First major agentic theory of psychology
• Humans capable of self-regulation
• self-reflection
• examine own motives
• attitudes are in flux, ever changing
• take in new information
• forethought
• humans can predict outcome of own actions
• results in planning, control over motivation
• ex. Studying for test

12
Do Societies Dictate Behavior?

• Yes and no.
• when we wish to, we can learn from our social
  group
• but often we choose not to
• stealing is wrong, correct? Where did you get
  the pen you are writing with?
• Social groups (including media) seldom present
  consistent messages
• but certain groups have vested interest in
  believing this is so
• Nontheless, societies can force members to adopt
  behaviors they would not choose
• paying taxes
• women in Afghanistan

13
Human Memory

• Computer heuristic
• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval
• Encoding Limits on what we encode
• Attention
• Improving encoding
• Elaboration linking to other stimuli (ex.
  Previous knowledge)
• Visual imagery
• Self-Referenced encoding Personally relevant

14
Storage

• Information Processing Theory
• Sensory memory/perceptual filter
• Rubber pencils
• Short term memory
• 20-30secs
• 7/-2
• Rehearsal
• Chunking 757-1941

15
Long-Term Memory

• Essentially limitless
• Fragmentation of memory bits
• Hippocampus and anterograde amnesia
• Cerebellum and procedural memory
• Amygdala and emotional memory
• Prefrontal cortex and working memory

16
Organizing and retrieving info

• Schema and scripts
• Tip of the tongue phenomenon
• Retrieval Cues
• Contextual
• Mood
• Source monitoring
• Forgetting
• Selective encoding
• Decay
• Interference
• Retrieval failure

17
Quality of Human Memory

• Generally very poor
• Get the gist
• Eyewitness testimony
• False memories
• I remember it like the back of my own hand.

18
Which is the real penny?
19
Real penny
20
Remember the list from Monday.

• On a blank piece of paper write down all of those
  you can remember
• Then put away that piece of paper and take out
  another one

21
On the second piece of paper write

• All of the words that were sportscars
• All of the words that were trees
• All of the words that were fruits
• All of the words that were tools