Session 4: Inspection

1
Session 4Inspection

• Angelika Hänisch (DE)

2
Sampling nematodes - Legal foundation

• Council Directive 69/465/EEC Plots for
  production of seed potatoes have to be under
  investigation and uncontaminated by Potato Cyst
  Eelworm
• production of seed potatoes
• growing prohibition
• no rules about sampling
• Transferred into National law in Germany
• Regulation for control of nematodes and Canker
  of potatoes,
• Directive for soil sampler in Brandenburg
• Council Directive 2007/33/EC
• rules about size and number of samples
• to be transferred into National law by 1 July 2010

3
Nematodes - Type of inspections

• Sampling soil
• in the field
• production of seed potatoes
• production of ware potatoes
• production of plants for planting
• (picture)

4
Soil sampling for nematodesSize and number
potato plants

• 2007/33/EC new
• least 1500 ml soil / ha
• least 100 cores / ha not less 5 metres by 20
• exception 400 ml soil in certain cases
• Directive for soil sampler in Brandenburg
• 8 samples per hectare
• every sample 250 cm³ soil
• Discussion divide the big samples in more low
  samples for better practical survey?

5
Soil sampling for nematodes- other than potato
plants

• At least 400 ml soil / ha
• official survey
• ware or other potatoes
• plants for planting
• Discussion
• there are listed only the plants in annex 1
  2007/33/EC
• application to other plants of annex V A1
  directive 2000/29/EC

6
Soil sampling for nematodes - preparation and
sampling

• application from the farmer to the authorized
  soil sampler
• prepare a site plan with sampling squares to
  record every sample (picture)
• taking samples with a sample drill (picture)
• the soil had to be moist, not wet
• without stones and weeds
• every spot should be min. 5 cm³
• using small cases or bags
• paper bags better than film (polythene) bags
  (going mouldy)
• numbering the cases or bags by labels, also
  numbering the containers too
• Discussion
• Quality - sampling by hand drill or by machine

7
Soil sampling for nematodes - preparation for
testing

• filling out the record (picture)
• if necessary, store samples for only a short
  time, cool and dry
• sending the samples to the diagnostic laboratory
• testing by lavage
• or testing by biological test
• Discussion
• Lavage - very quick, but no safety about
  viability
• Biological test 8 weeks, destination only of
  viable cysts

8
Sampling for nematodes - potato tubers

• Application
• in stores
• sampling samples of supplies
• testing potato crops for seed testing if there is
  a suspicion
• Realization
• collect soil from the store floor or the carriage
  floor
• secure that the soil is only from this crop or
  roll the potato bags on the flour to recover soil
• testing soil by lavage
• taking tubers in the store or at the carriage
  distributed through the whole crop normally 200
  tubers (the size to test quarantine bacterial
  diseases)
• lavaging the tubers in a specific cane and
  filtrating out the cysts
• Attention This can be only a random sample!

9
Sampling for quarantine bacteria - legal
foundation

• Commission Directive 2006/63/EC
• amending the Annexes to Council Directive
  98/57/EC on the control of Ralstonia solanacearum
  
• Commission Directive 2006/56/EC
• amending the Annexes to Council Directive
  93/85/EEC on the control of potato ring rot
• Transferred into National law in Germany
• Regulation for control of bacterial ring rot
  and potato brown rot disease of potatoes
• Directive on the control of bacterial ring rot

10
Sampling for quarantine bacteria - plant
potatoes for planting

• plant potatoes for planting have to be free from
  Clavibacter michiganensis sepedonicus and
  Ralstonia solanacearumDirective 2000/29/EC
• plant potatoes have to been tested to plant pass
  and to recognitionIt is appropriate to sample
  both objects together
• sampling in Germany average 2 -3 weeks before
  harvest, tubers should be matured
• size of the sample 200 tubers
• basic seed one sample / 1 ha
• certificated seed one sample / 3 ha
• picking tubers distributed through this destined
  part of the crop (1 or 3 ha) (picture)

11
Sampling for quarantine bacteria - tubers during
or past harvest

• potatoes have to be free from Clavibacter
  michiganensis sepedonicus and Ralstonia
  solanacearum - Directive 2000/29/EC
• Systematic official surveys
• Random samples during or post-harvest
• Replanting and ware potatoes
• test of replanting potatoes is not required but
  imperative
• ware potatoes in plant potato farms
• ware potato farms have been tested average 3
  years
• During harvest picking tubers from some carriages
• Post-harvest picking tubers in the store
  distributed through the whole lot (picture)
• Size of the sample 200 tubers
• Discussion how often to inspect farmers of ware
  potatoes, how many crops to test in every farm,
  independent of the growing area

12
Sampling for quarantine bacteria - tubers
before, during or post-harvest

• controlling in farms which are infested,
  contaminated or suspicious by bacterial ring rot
  and potato brown rot disease of potatoes
• in the case of finding an infested crop, sample
  all crops on the farm
• one sample / 3 ha, in the case of big homogeneous
  crops 5 ha
• Discussion maximum ha / sample
• to support the diagnosis test cutting of tubers
  and visual examination for symptoms (picture)
• Visual damage on the potato skin can point to
  many pests.
• Attention If tubers are rotted there are many
  other bacteria and fungi present, so the
  diagnosis test will be difficult or impossible
• Discussion how to deal with such crops

13
Sampling for quarantine bacteria - hygiene
measures

• Cleanness of all tools and material
• Clean and disinfect of every tool (potato fork,
  knife)
• Use rubber gloves and rubber shoes - change them
  between each sampled plot or field
• Use new cases and bags for each sample
• Paper bags are most appropriate (pictures)
• Close them with seals
• Avoid contamination between the sampled plots or
  fields
• Attention Not one tuber may change in another
  sample. If one tuber in the sample is infected
  the whole plot is declared to be infected
• Attention Avoid contact between samples. The
  infection may be spread by tubers from one to the
  other sample
• Discussion which other proposals for hygiene?

14
Sampling quarantine bacteriosis Packing and
sending the samples

• Tools
• Paper bags best. Possible jute sacks. Avoid
  plastic bags
• seals, stable string
• protocols (picture)
• Procedure
• Registering the protocol in the database -
  inspector and laboratory exchange information
  through the database
• Quick delivery of the sample (by inspectors or by
  courier) to the laboratory
• Discussion which other proposals to register the
  samples and inform the laboratory?

15
Inspection for quarantine bacteria - potato
plants

• High risk cases
• sampling of potato plants on the fields
• Timing as late as possible to determine the
  pathogen
• Observing symptoms wilted plants and browning
• Cutting stem pieces - ca. 10 cm long (picture)
• 200 stems distributed through the whole plot
• Sending samples to the laboratory as quickly as
  possible. Store and send them cool in plastic
  bags
• Attention There is the highest risk to spread
  the pathogen by tools, so careful disinfection is
  necessary
• Discussion in which use this method?

16
Inspection for quarantine bacteria - volunteer
potato plants and weeds

• On farms infested with potato ring rot or brown
  rot, check for volunteer potato plants and weeds
  on the infested, and other, fields for 3 years
  after detection (picture)
• Eliminate volunteer potato plants and naturally
  found host plants of the organism
• Take an average sample of every species
  distributed through the whole lot
• Send the plants to the laboratory as quickly as
  possible
• Discussion which species are able to spread the
  pathogen?

17
Inspection for quarantine bacteria - other risk
material

• By-products and waste from industrial processing,
  e.g. potato starch production, and stores with
  grader or peeling machines
• pulp
• fruit water
• peeling waste
• waste water
• sewage sludge
• sieved out soil and weeds
• Use plastic bottles with wide throat
• every sample 1 litre (picture) Attention fruit
  water contents many foam
• Send samples to the laboratory as soon as
  possible
• Store and send them cool
• Discussion how to deal safely with this material
  ?

18
Inspection for quarantine bacteria - surface
water

• Rivers, streams, ditches, outlet channels flowing
  in the direction of
• farms which are infested by potato ring rot or
  brown rot
• premises with industrial processing, e.g. potato
  starch production, and stores with grader or
  peeling machines
• Choose places for sampling which are
• important for using irrigation water
• Accessible and not dangerous
• Take 1 litre water samples using plastic bottles
  with wide throat (picture)
• to observe the spread of the pathogen

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Inspection and sampling - other quarantine pests

• Synchytrium endobioticum
• Meloidogyne chitwoodi
• Meloidogyne fallax (pictures)
• Potato plants have to been inspected to plant
  pass and to recognition
• In the case of other quarantine pests it is
  appropriate to sample both objects together
• During the sampling, and again during the
  diagnosis, inspect the tubers visually
• If symptoms are seen, a diagnostic test should
  follow

20
Information Systems

• Record the samples
• on database
• on documents
• Information sent to the laboratory
• Laboratory sends results of examination and
  findings with infestation to
• the state office
• the regional inspector
• the farmer
• report the survey to Ministry
• report the survey to EU-Commission (via
  Julius-Kühn-Institute - Federal biological
  researching Institute in Germany)
• report about findings with infestation showing
  examples