The Thirteenth

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• The Thirteenth Fourteenth Centuries

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The Thirteenth CenturyThe Total Society

• Reform Movement (monastic)
• Unified under Christian faith
• Hierarchical in authority
• Oriented towards heaven
• Dedicated in prayer devotion
• Papacy the central authority
• Paul/Augustine core faith Aquinas theology
• Dante (comprehensive eternal divine judgment)

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The 13th CenturyThe High Middle Ages

• Strength of Total Society
• A number of religious orders created (178ff)
• Dominicans Franciscans
• Crusades show power of religious vision (184ff)
• Powerful social movement requires wealth unity
• Theology in a proto-renaissance (162ff)
• Scholasticism as seen in Aquinas
• Semi-orthodox/heretical groups (180ff)
• Beguines, Albigensians
• Papacy is at its peak (179ff)
• Trajectory from Gregory VII to Innocent III

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Heroes Villains of Total Society
Charlemagne
Henry IV
Emperor Justinian
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Three Exemplary Papacies
Gregory VII Innocent III
Boniface VIII
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THE INVESTITURE CRISIS 1075-77

• Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV
• Ambiguity of the Church-State relationship
• Who has the power to invest a bishop? Is it a
  state or church office?
• Centuries of tradition favored Henry Total
  Society vision favored Gregory
• Pendulum swing of support from German nobility
  (Poland problem for Gregory)
• from Canossa to exile, not resolved until 1122
  Not resolved then, either

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Papacy at its Peak Innocent III (1198-1216)

• HIGHPOINTS
• Limited ascendancy of pope over monarch
• King John (Plantagenet) England becomes vassal
  state of pope
• (John has problems e.g. MAGNA CARTA 1215)
• Philip Augustus forced to restore Danish wife
  (begrudgingly, partially)
• Frederick II Innocents choice becomes powerful
  after Innocents early death
• Innocent inaugurates the Albigensian crusade as
  well as crusade to Holy Land (The 4th ends up
  diverted)
• Calls FOURTH LATERAN COUNCIL
• Massive gathering showing Innocents design

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Boniface VIII (1294-1303) Decline

• Papal claims no longer fit reality
• Unam Sanctam some of loftiest claims
• Philip the Fair
• reprimanded on taxing clergy,
• excommunication imminent in turn captures pope,
  who soon dies
• Outrage at Anagni
• - Avignon papacy soon begins after that (Clement
  V French pope to Avignon)
• Dante corruption of papacy shows of decline in
  power, prestige, sanctity

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(Saint) Louis IX (1215-1270) King of France
while Aquinas at Paris
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Holy Crown of Jesus Christ
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Louis IX (first among equals)

• Crusades (7th 8th)
• disastrous captured ransom in Holy Land
• Ends Albigensian Crusade
• Fosters arts education admired beguines
• Rules against Jews
• Usurers expelled 15,000 Talmuds burned
• Canonized by Boniface VIII
• Though grandfather of Philip IV
• His portrait in US House of Representatives

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The Fourteenth CenturyDeath, Destruction, Decline

• Famine Plague
• Poverty Revolt
• War
• Spiritual Decline

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Famine Plague

• 1315 rainy, frigid, famine (N. Europe)
• 1347-51 (Plague with repeated outbreaks)
• Number dead 30? 60? (regional variations)
• Religious orders hit hard
• Entire villages wiped out
• REACTIONS
• anti-Semitism self-flagellation penance indulge

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RECIPE FOR ECONOMIC STRESS Labor shortage Less
demand for goods Fewer rentors A CONSEQUENCE
REVOLTS Jacquerie (1358) violent
reaction English Peasants Revolt (1381) from
sense of empowerment
EFFECTS OF HIGH MORTALITY

• Poverty Revolt - Jacquerie in 1358

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Hundred Years War 1337-1453

• Edward III, Philip VI start
• 1337-1453 intermittent
• Gascony as pretext
• Soldiers or criminals?
• Henry V starts it again (1415)
• Joan of Arc (1429-31) competing French factions
  (Orleanists Burgundians)

Joan of Arc image
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Spiritual Decline Avignon Papacy The Great
Schism

• 1305 - Papacy moves to Avignon
• The Move Clement V listens to Philip IV? (1305)
  
• The Return Gregory XI listens to Catherine?
  (1378)
• The Schism Gregory XIs death begins Schism
  until 1417
• (73 years outside of Rome 39 years of schism)

Palace of the Popes at Avignon
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