Lesson Six

1
Indiana Water Operator Training
Lesson Six
2
Indiana Water Operator Training
Indiana Department of Environmental Management
Indiana Rural Water Association
American Water Works Association
3
Lesson Six WT2 Operators

• WT2 systems and operators
• Chemical feed devices
• Disinfection
• Fluoride standardization
• Water stabilization
• Monthly report of operations

4
Classification of water distribution systems and
water treatment plants
Water treatment plants
WT2 Class WT2 includes systems with no
population limitations that meet the
following (A) Acquire water from one (1) of the
following (i) Ground water (ii) Purchase (B)
Utilize chemical feed to achieve one (1) of the
following (i) Disinfection (ii) Fluoride
standardization, or (iii)Water stabilization
5
Classification of water system operators
Water operator certification qualifications
WT2 Grade WT2 is a certified operator qualified
to operate a Class WT1 and WT2 water treatment
plant after having fulfilled the following
requirements (A) Possess a high school diploma
or its equivalent (B) Meet the qualifications of
the certification rule (C) Must be able to (i)
maintain inventories (ii) order supplies and
equipment and (iii) interpret chemical and
bacteriological sample reports
6
Classification of water system operators
Water operator certification qualifications
WT2 (continued from previous slide) (D) Attain
one (1) of the following acceptable work
experience requirements (i) One (1) year
in the operation of a Class WT2 water
treatment plant (ii) Two (2) years in the
operation of a Class WT1 water treatment
plant
7
Chemical feed devices

• Chlorine
• Fluoride
• Potassium Permanganate
• Poly Phosphates
• Lime
• Other

8
Chemical feed devices Chlorinators
Pellet dropper
Courtesy CAI Technologies
9
Chemical feed devices Chlorinators
Tablet feeder
Courtesy Global Treatment, Inc.
10
Chemical feed devices Chlorinators
Gas 150 pound
Courtesy chlorserv.com
11
Chemical feed devices Chlorinators
Gas 2,000 pound
Courtesy Smith Group Consulting, LLC
12
Chemical feed devices Fluoride, Potassium
Permanganateand Poly Phosphates
Solution tank
Courtesy prominentfluid.com
13
Chemical feed devices Lime
Slaker
Courtesy University of Maryland
14
Chemical feed devices Get the formula right
Pounds of Chemical required Flow (in million
gallons per day) X8.34 X desired dosage (in
mg/l) Lbs. MGD X 8.34 X mg/l 8.34 is the
weight of a gallon of water Dont forget to
adjust for chemical concentration If you use
bleach that is 5 Chlorine, then itwill take 20
pounds of the bleach to get1 pound of
Chlorine Lets look at an example
15
Chemical feed devices Availability
Lets say you want to feed Fluoride at 1 ppm
(mg/l) You pump 100,000 gallons per day You are
using Sodium fluoride (NaF),that is 44
available Fluoride Lbs. MGD X 8.34 X
mg/l Lbs. .1 X 8.34 X 1 Lbs. .834 We still
need to factor in the available Fluoride
16
Chemical feed devices Example
To figure the availability factor, divide 1by
the percentage In our 44 Fluoride example1/.44
2.273 Next, multiply the required pounds by
the availability factor Lbs. .834.834 X
2.273 1.896 pounds of Fluoride solution needed
totreat 100,000 gallons of water at 1 ppm Good
time to talk about day tanks
17
Chemical feed devices Day tanks

• In our previous example,we used NaF that is
  usuallymixed at about 2, so
• If our day tank holdsabout 100 gallons
• 20 pounds in 100 gallons about 2.4
• Remember, 100 gallonsweighs about 834 lbs.
  20834.0239

A day tank is a tankyou fill with a
chemicalmixture that is fed intothe water
system overa period of time.
18
Chemical feed devices Questions?
We have covered a lot of difficultmaterial
concerning chemical feeders.Any questions?
19
Disinfection Why?

• Reduce or eliminate many pathogens
• Provides some protection from cross connections
• May assist in filtration
• Automatic disinfection can reduce Isolation
  Area(Sanitary Setback) from 200 feet to 100
  feet

20
Disinfection How?

• Generally, Chlorine is the most practical method
• Choices include
• Gas
• Bleach
• Powder
• Tablets
• Other options include
• Ultra Violet (UV)
• Ozone
• Hydrogen Peroxide

21
Disinfection Chlorine (Cl2)

• Chlorine is a toxic, yellow-green gas
• Heaver than air (2 ½ times)
• Highly reactive
• Iron ignites when heated in a Chlorine atmosphere
• When pressurized, Cl is a liquid
• Used as a weapon in WW1, killing nearly 2,000
  injuring over 164,000
• People can smell Cl at 0.02 ppm
• 1,000 ppm will kill you in a couple of deep
  breaths(0.1)

22
Disinfection Chlorine (Cl2)

• In drinking water, Chlorine is measured as Free
  and Total
• Free Chlorine is the concentration of residual
  Chlorinein water present as dissolved gas
  (Cl2),hypochlorous acid (HOCl)and/or
  hypochlorite ion (OCl-)
• Total Chlorine is Free Chlorine plus Combined
  Chlorine
• Combined Chlorine is also known as
  Chloraminesand is often referred to as a spent
  bullet

23
Disinfection Chlorine (Cl2)

• Always maintain a free Chlorine residual at
  allpoints of your water system of at least .25
  mg/l and
• No less than 1 mg/l total Chlorine throughout the
  system
• If you cannot obtain .25 mg/l free Chlorine
  withoutgoing a lot over 1 mg/l total Chlorine,
  say gt 2 mg/l,look into possible problems
• Iron bacteria
• Ammonia
• Other organics

24
Fluoride standardization What is Fluoride (F)?

• Naturally-occurring element found to be
  beneficial in reducing tooth decay
• Fluoridation is voluntary
• .8 to 1 mg/l is a desirable concentration
• Determine your water supplys Fluoride
  concentration before starting a Fluoride program
• People who drink optimally-fluoridated waterfrom
  birth will experience approximately 20-40percent
  less tooth decay in their lifetime

According to the Indiana State Department of
Health
25
Fluoride standardization EPAs position

• Maximum primary standard of 4 mg/l
• May cause some bone diseases
• Secondary standard of 2 mg/l
• may result in a brown staining and/or pitting of
  the permanent teeth
• Children under 9 should not drink waterwith gt 2
  mg/l Fluoride

26
Fluoride standardization Types of Fluoride

• Sodium Fluoride (NaF)
• Dry
• Fairly easy to mix
• Most expensive
• Breathing hazard
• Sodium Silicofluoride (Na2SiF6)
• Dry
• Harder to mix
• Less expensive than NaF
• Breathing hazard
• Hydrofluosilicic acid (H2SiF6)
• Liquid
• Easiest to mix
• Lowest cost
• Very reactive (Never mix with bleach)

27
Fluoride standardization Remember

• Know your naturally-occurring concentration
  ofFluoride in your water supply before
  startinga Fluoride program
• Factor in the availability of Fluoride in
  yourFluoride compound when calculating dosages

Special Fluoride bonus

• Is that water leak from the water systemor is it
  ground water?
• Fluoride makes a great tracer

28
Water stabilization What is it?

• Inhibition of precipitation of minerals
• Keeps minerals such as Iron and Manganesein
  solution to prevent red water
• Scale control
• Distorts crystalline formations so mineralsdo
  not stick to the inside of pipes
• Sometimes called deflocculation
• Corrosion control
• Reduces the migration of metal ionsinto the
  water from the surrounding pipes
• Good for copper and lead problems

29
Water stabilization Be careful
Some companies claim productswill cure all water
problems
Snake oil?

• Protect yourself and customers by
• Performing laboratory testing with product
  sampleson your water (jar testing)
• Discuss the problem with multiple suppliers
• Order small amounts of the product for initial
  trialbefore committing to full scale
  implementation
• Ask your IDEM inspector for help

30
Water stabilization Jar testing
Courtesy Velp Scientifica
31
Monthly report of operations (MRO)
32
Monthly report of operations (MRO)

• Required of all community public water
  suppliesthat add chemicals
• Certified operator-in-charge must sign report
• Submitted to IDEM within 10 days followingthe
  end of each month
• Amounts of chemicals added
• Results of routine testing for turbidity,
  chlorine residual(both plant and distribution
  system)
• Other common water characteristics.

33
Ok, there is a light at the end of the
tunnel. Were about done. Are there any
questions?
34
Lesson Six WT2 Operators
Self Graded Examination
35
Lesson Six WT2 Operators
Self Graded Examination
10 Minutes
36
Lesson Six WT2 Operators
Self Graded Examination
5 Minutes
37
Lesson Six WT2 Operators
Self Graded Examination
Times Up
OK
38
Lesson Six WT2 Operators
Answers
X
39
Lesson Six WT2 Operators
Answers
X
40
Lesson Six WT2 Operators
Answers
X
1/.05 20
41
Lesson Six WT2 Operators
Answers
X
A day tank is a tankyou fill with a
chemicalmixture that is fed intothe water
system overa period of time.
42
Lesson Six WT2 Operators
Answers
X

• Always maintain a free Chlorine residual at
  allpoints of your water system of at least .25
  mg/l and
• No less than 1 mg/l total Chlorine throughout the
  system

43
Lesson Six WT2 Operators
Answers
X

• Chlorine is a toxic, yellow-green gas
• Heaver than air (2 ½ times)
• Highly reactive
• Iron ignites when heated in a Chlorine atmosphere
• When pressurized, Cl is a liquid
• Used as a weapon in WW1, killing nearly 2,000
  injuring over 164,000
• People can smell Cl at 0.02 ppm
• 1,000 ppm will kill you in a couple of deep
  breaths(0.1)

44
Lesson Six WT2 Operators
Answers
X

• Fluoridation is voluntary

45
Lesson Six WT2 Operators
Answers
X

• Maximum primary standard of 4 mg/l
• May cause some bone diseases
• Secondary standard of 2 mg/l
• may result in a brown staining and/or pitting of
  the permanent teeth
• Children under 9 should not drink waterwith gt 2
  mg/l Fluoride

46
Lesson Six WT2 Operators
Answers
X

• Inhibition of precipitation of minerals
• Keeps minerals such as Iron and Manganesein
  solution to prevent red water

47
Lesson Six WT2 Operators
Answers
X

• Corrosion control
• Reduces the migration of metal ionsinto the
  water from the surrounding pipes
• Good for copper and lead problems

48
Thank you for your participation

• Are there any other questions or comments?
• Please turn in your
• Self-graded examinations
• Training course evaluation forms
• Continuing education credit reports

49
Indiana Water Operator Training
Indiana Department of Environmental Management
Indiana Rural Water Association
American Water Works Association
50
Contact Information
Instructor For additional information
concerning this water operatortraining course,
please contact Indiana Rural Water
Association Odetta Cadwell, Executive
Director 317-402-7349