Pest Management Approaches General Approaches

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Insect Pests of Fruit Crops
Welcome to class!
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MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT PESTS IN THE HOME GARDEN

• INSTRUCTOR
• Dan Mahr
• Extension Fruit Entomologist
• University of Wisconsin -- Madison

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A Guide to Where We Are Going

• An overview of the general methods and approaches
  to pest management.
• Tree fruit pests.
• Biology and damage.
• Control.
• Strawberry pests.
• Biology and damage.
• Control.

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Resources in Your Manuals
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Pest Management ApproachesOverview of Control
Methods

• Chemical control (insecticides).
• Physical control (traps barriers).
• Mechanical control (hand picking).
• Biological control (beneficial natural enemies of
  the pests).
• Cultural controls (sanitation).
• Resistant crop varieties.
• Do nothing.
• Integrated pest management (IPM).

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Pest Management ApproachesEveryone has
different needs!
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Pest Management ApproachesGeneral Approaches to
Control

• Traditional, routine use of pesticides.
• Reduced pesticide use based on monitoring.
• True IPM.
• Organic gardening, including use of accepted
  pesticides.
• Non-chemical pest control.
• No controls applied.

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Pest MonitoringAn Essential Key to Insect
Management

• Visual inspection.
• Trapping.
• Knowledge of pests.
• Dedication.

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Insect Traps

• Odor traps (pheromone traps).
• Visual traps.
• Combination traps.

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Insect Traps
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End of overview of control
any questions?
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Apple Pests
Apples are attacked by more types of insect pests
than any other Wisconsin fruit crop.
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Apple Pests

• Key Pests
• Plum curculio
• Codling moth
• Apple maggot

• Secondary Pests
• Leafrollers
• Aphids
• Leafminers
• Spider mites

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Plum curculio
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Plum curculio
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Plum curculio Control

• Visual monitoring for injury (no traps).
• Limb-tapping.
• Insecticides.
• Conventional or botanical (not Bt, oils, or
  soap).
• 1-2 applications (petal fall first cover) more
  often if using botanicals.
• Surround (clay barrier).

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Surround Insecticide particle film
technology. kaolin clay. 50 lbs/acre per
application. Weekly application.
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Plum curculio Summary

• One generation per year.
• Overwinter as adults.
• Enter orchard around petal fall.
• Produce crescent-shaped egg-laying scars.
• Result in misshapen fruit.
• Rarely larvae in fruit.
• Visual monitoring.
• Control by limb-tapping or insecticides
• Petal fall
• First cover

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Codling moth
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Codling moth
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Codling moth
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Codling moth Control

• Visual monitoring for injury pheromone traps.
• Sanitation (destroy dropped fruit).
• Insecticides.
• Conventional or botanical (not Bt, oils,
  Surround, or soap).
• 1-2 applications per generation (begin at first
  cover).

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Codling moth Summary

• Two generations per year.
• Adults start egg laying around petal fall.
• Larvae feed in core of fruit.
• Usually one tunnel to outside may be frass.
• Second generation in July August.
• Visual monitoring for damage pheromone traps.
• Control by insecticides
• Petal fall
• First cover
• Destroy dropped fruit.

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Apple maggot(railroad worm)
Apple maggot is the most serious home apple pest.
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Apple maggot(railroad worm)
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Apple maggot(railroad worm)
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Apple maggot Trapping
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Apple maggot Control

• Baited visual traps for monitoring and control.
• About 1 trap per 50 fruit.
• Hang July 1.
• Insecticides.
• Conventional or botanical (not Bt, oils, or
  soap).
• 1-3 applications (start about July 10, or based
  on trapping) more often if using botanicals.
• Surround provides some control.
• Pick up fallen fruit.

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Apple maggot Summary

• One generation per year.
• Adults flying about July 1 Sept. 1.
• Adults must feed before laying eggs.
• Larvae tunnel throughout fruit, leaving trails.
• Fruit fall from tree and rot.
• Monitor using traps.
• Control by trapping or insecticides
• mid-July to late August.

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Secondary pests Leafrollers
3-4 species of leafrollers are common on apple
and other fruit trees in Wisconsin.
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Secondary pests Leafrollers
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Secondary pests Leafrollers
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Secondary pests Leafrollers

• 1-2 generations per year (depending on species).
• Primarily a problem immediately after bloom.
• Leaf feeding is not important.
• Feeding on fruit surface is mostly cosmetic.
• Control with conventional insecticides or Bt
• Immediately after bloom.

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Secondary pests Aphids
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Secondary pests Aphids

• Several types.
• Usually have no impact on established trees.
• Heavy infestations may retard young trees.
• Heavily attacked by beneficial insects.
• If needed, control with conventional insecticides
  or insecticidal soap.

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Secondary pests Leafminers
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Secondary pests Leafminers

• Usually only a curiosity on home trees.
• Usually controlled by beneficial insects.
• Damage occurs at numbers greater than 5/leaf.
• Three generations per year.

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Secondary pests Spider mites
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Secondary pests Spider mites

• Usually not a problem on home trees.
• High populations can cause stress and reduce tree
  vigor.
• A summer pest.
• Usually under good biological control.
• If necessary, use dormant oil or summer oil.

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End of apple insects
any questions?
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Pests of Stone Fruits
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Stone Fruit Pests

• Key Pests
• Plum curculio
• Cherry fruit fly

• Secondary Pests
• Leafrollers
• Aphids
• Spider mites
• Wood borers

Plum curculio is the most serious pest of plums
and apricots. Cherry fruit flies are the most
serious pests of cherries.
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Cherry fruit flies

• Black cherry fruit fly
• Cherry fruit fly

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Cherry fruit flies
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Cherry fruit flies
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Cherry fruit flies Control

• Baited visual traps (yellow boards) for
  monitoring.
• Insecticides.
• Conventional or botanical (not Bt, oils, or
  soap).
• 1-3 applications (start about June 10, or based
  on trapping) more often if using botanicals.

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Cherry fruit flies Summary

• Two species similar biology and damage.
• One generation per year.
• Adults flying about June 10 July 20.
• Larvae tunnel throughout fruit, causing rot.
• Monitor using traps.
• Control by insecticides
• mid-June to mid-July.

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Secondary pests Wood borers

• American plum borer
• Lesser peachtree borer
• Peachtree borer

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Secondary pests Wood borers
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Secondary pests Wood borers
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Secondary pests Wood borers

• Cultural controls
• Avoid injury.
• Remove tight mouse guards and wraps.
• Clean wounds and apply tree-wound compound.
• Chemical controls
• Difficult to kill larvae in wood.
• Aimed at killing young larvae as they hatch.
• Timing lengthy varies with insect species.

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End of tree fruit pests
any questions?
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Strawberry Pests
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Strawberry Pests

• Key Pest
• Tarnished plant bug

• Secondary Pests
• Strawberry leafroller
• Strawberry bud weevil (clipper)
• Spittlebug

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Tarnished plant bug
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Tarnished plant bug
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TPB Control

• Visual monitoring for injury tapping flower
  clusters.
• Control with insecticides.
• Conventional or botanical (not Bt, oils, or
  soap).
• 1-2 applications 1 prebloom and the second
  toward the end of flowering.

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TPB Summary

• Two generations per year only the first is
  important.
• Nymphs (mostly) feed on flowers and young fruit.
• Cause cat-facing and apical seediness.
• Visual monitoring or flower-tapping.
• Control by insecticides
• Prebloom
• Toward the end of bloom.

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Secondary pests Strawberry Leafroller
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Secondary pests Strawberry Leafroller

• Relatively uncommon.
• Usually under good biological control.
• Outbreaks can be substantial.
• Plants are defoliated production is lost.
• Control with conventional insecticides or Bt.
• Pheromone traps available for timing sprays.

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Secondary pests Strawberry Bud
Weevil

• Very common.
• Clips off flower buds.
• Plants may compensate.
• Insecticide application at flower bud development
  (before bloom).

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Secondary pests Strawberry Bud
Weevil
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Secondary pests Spittlebug
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Secondary pests Spittlebug

• Very common.
• Attacks many kinds of plants, including weeds.
• Usually more noticeable than damaging.
• Control broadleaf weeds.
• If a major problem, control with conventional or
  botanical insecticides.

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End of class
any last questions?