Principles of Zoology

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Principles of Zoology

• Chapter 1

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Biology

• Science that deals with the life processes and
  characteristics of plants and animals
• Biology is broken into 2 main branches
• Botany-dealing with plants
• Zoology-dealing with animal life

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Zoology

• The zoology of a particular kind of animal is a
  description of the life, growth, structure or
  anatomy, nutrition, reproduction, and
  classification of that animal.

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Fauna

• Community of animals that are found in a
  particular region

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Classification of Animals

• Purpose organization of the animals into like
  groups
• Animals are classified into groups based on
  genetic and structural similarities to other
  animals
• The field of science dealing with these
  classifications is known as TAXONOMY

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Animal Plant Kingdoms

• Includes ALL of the animalsanimal kingdom
• Includes ALL of the plantsplant kingdom
• See Figure 1-1 on page 3

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Classification of Animals

• KINGDOM
• PHYLUM
• CLASS
• ORDER
• FAMILY
• GENUS
• SPECIES

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Animal Behaviors and Habits

• Instinctive vs learned
• What is meant by instinctive behavior?
• What is an example of this?
• What is a learned behavior pattern?
• What is an example of this?

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Animal Structure or Anatomy

• The animals structure enables its survival
• Why or how?
• Body parts
• Stomach-RUMEN VS NON RUMINANT
• Evading predators
• Running
• Teeth
• Cold blooded vs. warm blooded

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Structure

• Includes the arrangement of the bones in the
  skeleton and the attachment of the muscles on the
  bones
• Structure also includes unique features such as
  feathers, hair or scales
• Structure includes the way that internal organs
  are designed and arranged.
• Examplebirds do not have teeth, but do have a
  gizzard where food is ground into tiny pieces by
  rocks

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Structure Cont.

• The way an animal moves is controlled to an
  extent by the animals size and structure
• Whales could not survive out of the water because
  of their size. The natural buoyancy of their
  bodies in deep water makes it possible for them
  to move.
• Birds are typically light weight allowing them to
  fly.

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Animal Nutrition and Digestion

• Growth and repair of living cells
• Energy is necessary to form chemical bonds-cell
  formation
• Warm blooded animals require energy to maintain
  body temperature
• Muscle flexes etc.

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Animal Nutrition and DigestionCont.

• How animals obtain nutrition differs between
  animals
• Plant eaters
• Meat eaters
• Both
• We will discuss this in more detail in the next
  chapter

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Animal Nutrition and DigestionCont.

• SIMPLE STOMACH
• One compartment. Does not have a large capacity
  so foods with a relatively high concentration of
  nutrients must be eaten.
• Grains and meats are ideal
• RUMINANT STOMACH
• Four compartments. Large capacity. Foods that are
  high in fiber but low in nutrition value can be
  utilized better
• Explain ruminant stomach

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Animal Nutrition and DigestionCont.

• Birds
• CROP-food absorbs water and is softened
• GIZZARD-food is ground into smaller pieces by
  rocks

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Animal Growth

• Each animal grows rapidly as a newborn. This
  growth is necessary so it can mature
• Cells divide to form new cells
• Growth occurs when body cells divide at a faster
  rate than they die
• The type of cell division that results in growth
  of the body is called MITOSIS

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MITOSIS

• Several steps occur during mitosis
• Figure 1-13
• Each cell exists for most of its life span in a
  non-reproductive stage called INTERPHASE
• PROPHASE-the first stage of active cell
  reproduction
• During this stage the membrane around the nucleus
  disappears and the chromosomes appear

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MITOSIS cont.

• Each chromosome has been replicated and each half
  of the duplicated chromosome is known as a
  CHROMATIDthe point where the chromatids are
  attached is called the centromere
• After PROPHASE, you have METAPHASE
• During this stage, the chromosomes are pulled to
  the center of the cell by fibers attached to cell
  structures called CENTRIOLES that have migrated
  to opposite sides of the cell
• These fibers or spindles are attached to the
  centromeres that connect the pairs of chromosomes
  together

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MITOSIS cont.

• During ANAPHASE, the chromatids are pulled apart
  by the spindles as the cell elongates.
• A full set of chromosomes becomes evident on
  opposite sides of the cell during anaphase.