PSYCHOLOGY 11002 General Psychology

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PSYCHOLOGY 110-02General Psychology

• University of Southern Mississippi
• Department of Psychology
• Dr. David J. Echevarria, PhD
• Spring 2008
• david.echevarria_at_usm.edu
• www.usm.edu/neurolab

Chapter 6 Learning
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Chapter 6 Learning
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Classical Conditioning

• Ivan Pavlov
• Terminology
• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
• Unconditioned Response (UCR)
• Conditioned Response (CR)

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Figure 6.1 Classical conditioning apparatus
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Figure 6.2 The sequence of events in classical
conditioning
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Figure 6.3 Classical conditioning of a fear
response
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Conditioned taste aversion
Usually this is a learned reaction to a food or
drink that has previously made us sick This
type of learning has served us well from the
perspective of evolution Very often we only
have to learn this lesson once
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Conditioned taste aversion
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Classical Conditioning More Terminology

• Trial pairing of UCS and CS
• Acquisition initial stage in learning
• Stimulus contiguity occurring together in time
  and space

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Classical Conditioning More Terminology

• 3 types of Classical Conditioning
• Simultaneous conditioning CS and UCS begin and
  end together
• Short-delayed conditioning CS begins just before
  the UCS, end together
• Trace conditioning CS begins and ends before UCS
  is presented

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Processes in Classical Conditioning

• Extinction
• Spontaneous Recovery
• Stimulus Generalization
• Discrimination
• Higher-order conditioning

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Figure 6.7 Acquisition, extinction, and
spontaneous recovery
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Figure 6.10 Higher-order conditioning
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Operant Conditioningor Instrumental Learning

• Edward L. Thorndike (1913) the law of effect
• B.F. Skinner (1953) principle of reinforcement
• Operant chamber
• Emission of response
• Reinforcement contingencies
• Cumulative recorder

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Figure 6.12 Reinforcement in operant conditioning
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Figure 6.13 Skinner box and cumulative recorder
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Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning

• Acquisition
• Shaping
• Extinction
• Stimulus Control
• Generalization
• Discrimination

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Figure 6.14 A graphic portrayal of operant
responding
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Table 6.1 Comparison of Basic Processes in
Classical and Operant Conditioning
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ReinforcementConsequences that Strengthen
Responses

• Primary Reinforcers
• Satisfy biological needs
• Secondary Reinforcers
• Conditioned reinforcement

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Schedules of Reinforcement

• Continuous reinforcement
• Intermittent (partial) reinforcement
• Ratio schedules
• Fixed
• Variable
• Interval schedules
• Fixed
• Variable

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Figure 6.17 Schedules of reinforcement and
patterns of response
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ConsequencesReinforcement and Punishment

• Increasing a response
• Positive reinforcement response followed by
  rewarding stimulus
• Negative reinforcement response followed by
  removal of an aversive stimulus
• Escape learning
• Avoidance learning
• Decreasing a response
• Punishment
• Problems with punishment

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Figure 6.18 Positive reinforcement versus
negative reinforcement
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Figure 6.19 Escape and avoidance learning
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Figure 6.20 Comparison of negative reinforcement
and punishment
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Changes in Our Understandingof Conditioning

• Biological Constraints on Conditioning
• Instinctive Drift
• Conditioned Taste Aversion
• Preparedness and Phobias
• Cognitive Influences on Conditioning
• Signal relations
• Response-outcome relations
• Evolutionary Perspectives on learning

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Figure 6.22 Conditioned taste aversion
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Observational Learning Basic Processes

• Albert Bandura (1977, 1986)
• Observational learning
• Vicarious conditioning
• 4 key processes
• attention
• retention
• reproduction
• motivation
• acquisition vs. performance

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Figure 6.25 Observational learning