Teams

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Teams

• Introduction

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Introduction

• Team
• Group of individuals who work together towards
  common goal/objective/outcome
• Orgs based on them all orgs
• Most important in Health Care where care of
  patients is provided by many
• Almost all in HC field work in teams
• Interdependency critical

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What makes an effective team?

• Commitment to
• Task
• Team members
• Working together

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Command Groups on an Organizational Chart
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Types of Teams

• Problem-Solving
• Self-Managed
• Virtual
• Cross-Functional

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Stages of Team Development
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Effective Groups

• The group is considered effective if
• The output equals or exceeds the organizational
  standards
• The group experience serves more to satisfy than
  to frustrate the members
• The capability of the group to work together in
  the future is enhanced

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• Advantages to Group Process
• Creativity
• Synergy
• Motivation
• Democratizing
• Consolidating power and authority
• Combining abilities
• Avoiding action

• Blurring resposibility
• Coordinating
• Advising
• Representing
• Increased acceptance of decision

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• Disadvatages to Group Process
• Cost
• Least dominator watered down
• Group think (conformity)
• Indecision
• Split accountability
• Tyranny of minority
• Self perpetuation

• Conflict
• Resistance to change
• Premature decisions
• Individual domination

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• Neutral Factors to Group Process
• Disagreement
• Conflicting interests
• Taking risks
• Time requirements
• Changing minds

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A Team-Effectiveness Model

• Work design
• Autonomy
• Skill variety
• Task identity
• Task significance

• Composition
• Ability
• Personality
• Roles and diversity
• Size
• Flexibility
• Preference for teamwork

Team effectiveness

• Context
• Adequate resources
• Leadership
• Climate of trust
• Performance evaluation
• and rewards

• Process
• Common purpose
• Specific goals
• Team efficacy
• Conflict
• Social loafing

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Group performance

• Group performance
• Composition
• Size
• Cohesiveness
• Norms

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Effective Team Characteristics

• Clarity in teams goals
• Action plan
• Clearly defined roles
• Clear and open communication
• Beneficial team behaviors

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Effective Team Characteristics

• Well defined decision procedures
• Balanced participation
• Established rules and methods for enforcement
• Awareness of team process (interdependence)
• Effective utilization of external resources

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Micro Macro Analysis

• Number of ways to look at teams
• Macro, overview/group level
• - intergroup communication
• - norms
• - task design
• - rules procedures

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Micro Macro Analysis

• Micro, individual level
• - objective aspect
• - subjective aspect
• - personal aspect
• Newer approach to team dev. is at micro level.

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Micro Macro Analysis

• Number of ways to look at individuals from
  motivation factors to personality type to value
  system
• One of newer ones looks at
• What roles behaviors individuals assume in team
  effort
• How these fit in other roles behaviors to make
  team successful or unsuccessful

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Supportive Behavior

• Initiating
• Informing
• Clarifying
• Summarizing
• Testing consensus
• Harmonizing

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Supportive Behavior

• Tension reducing
• Gate keeping
• Encouraging
• Compromising
• Testing setting standards

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Destructive Behavior

• Aggressing
• Blocking
• Withdrawing
• Competing
• Negating

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Problems Seen in Overall Groups

• Loss of productivity and quality
• Increase in complaints or grievances
• Evidence of hostility or conflicts among staff
• Confusion on assignments, missed signals, unclear
  relationships
• Decisions misunderstood or not carried out
  properly
• Apathy and general lack of interest or
  involvement
• Lack of initiative, imagination, innovation
  routine actions taken for solving complex
  problems
• Ineffective meetings low participation, minimal
  effective decisions

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Behavioral signs you might see in teams with
problems

• Some individuals never learn roles
• Some are afraid so pretend to know things they do
  not should be asking questions
• Some want to do things the old way, while others
  want to try new approaches
• Factions and cliques quarrel and fight among each
  other
• Everyone not committed to common goals
• Decisions made by someone, but some individuals
  dont get the word or disagree
• Jealosy between units and lack of playing
  together
• Even when people are aware of problem, they dont
  know exactly what to do about it.
• All leads to Quick Team Death (QTD).

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FOR QTD

• Fail to meet frequently enough and discuss
  substance
• Disregard members values
• Never examine how we are doing
• Protect info and refuse willingly to share it
• Accept mediocre participation

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Characteristics of Good Work Team

• Atmosphere informal, comfortable, relaxed no
  one bored no tension
• Lots of discussion in which virtually everyone
  participates, but it remains pertinent to group
  task
• Task well known accepted by group members
  committed to it
• Members listen to each other
• There is disagreement not hidden or avoided
  fair airing
• Decisions reached by consensus

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Characteristics of Good Work Team

• Criticism frequent, frank and comfortable not
  personal
• People express feelings ideas on process
• When action taken, clear assignments made
  accepted
• Manager/leader does not dominate
• Group self-conscious
• Members loyal to group
• Members have high confidence trust in each other

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Team building defined

• Groups of persons must be
• Willing to address some difficult human problems
• Must be clear about, and committed to, common
  purpose, goals objectives
• Confront and manage distribution of authority,
  influence and power in group
• Understand and manage urge to take flight from
  conflict and aggression
• Must be supportive and critical of each other
  at same time

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Team building defined

• Critical attitude must include facing and dealing
  with incompetence and failure
• Must have some degree of success as individual
  and group in tasks they attempt

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Primary Objective of Team Building

• Recognition of the interdependence among group
  members
• Establishing the need for trust and cooperation
  among team members to accomplish organizational
  tasks effectively and with satisfaction
• Increase awareness of the importance of
  interpersonal skills in working effectively with
  others
• a) skills in communicating more openly
  with others
• b) cultivating the willingness and
  ability to confront issues
• c) building the capacity to listen
  fairly to opposing views
• Recognition of the importance of providing full,
  frank, and regular feedback among group members
  and units
• Stimulating wider involvement of all team members
  in group problem solving and decision-making
• Self-conscious analysis of the way the team is
  currently functioning and a willingness to
  explore alternative ways for functioning more
  effectively
• Increasing the level of communication,
  collaboration, and interaction among team
  members, rather than having each individual team
  member trying to work things out one-on-one
  with the leader-supervisor.

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Cautions in Team Building

• Team building takes time
• People in power positions must support changes
• Changes need to built into structure of existing
  organizational ???
• Involvement enhances commitment
• Team dev may need to be done more than once

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Cheat Sheet for Team Success

• Avoid doing QTD items
• Accept fact that teamwork is abnormal and
  extremely difficult to achieve and maintain
• Constantly assess progress, process, and tasks
• Add a dose of cheerleading
• Celebrate small successes