Ionic Compounds

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Ionic Compounds
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Becoming an Ion

• As you know
• Periodic table predicts the number of electrons
  and atom will give up or take in during the
  formation of a compound

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• Atoms will either lose electron(s) or

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• atoms will take in electron(s)

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• When one or the other happens they become ions
  (charged atoms)

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• The number of protons and electrons do not match
• There is an unbalance amount of charges

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Oxidation Number

• Groups 1, 2 and 13 will lose 1, 2 and 3 electrons
  respectively

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1
3
2
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Oxidation Number

• Groups 15, 16 and 17 will gain 3, 2 and 1
  electrons respectively

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1-
3-
2-
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Oxidation Number Defined

• Oxidation Number is the charge on an ion
• The transitional metals oxidation numbers can
  not be predicted so easily

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Oxidation Numbers

• Na has an oxidation number of
• Sulfur has an oxidation number of

• 1 or one plus
• 2- or two minus

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Your Turn

• Ks Oxidation Number?
• Bs Oxidation Number?
• Mgs Oxidation Number?

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Your Turn

• Os Oxidation Number?
• Ns Oxidation Number?
• Brs Oxidation Number?

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When you come in

• Page 158/ 1-2
• One and two are essentially the same thing

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Polyatomic Ions

• Speaking About Ions

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Polyatomic Ions

• Polyatomic Ion is an ion (charged particle)
  with two or more different elements
• There are a few that need to be memorized

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Polyatomic Ions

• Ammonium NH4
• Hydrogen Sulfate HSO4-
• Acetate C2H3O2-
• Nitrite NO2-
• More

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Polyatomic Ions

• Nitrate NO3-
• Hydroxide OH-
• Carbonate CO32-
• More

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Polyatomic Ions

• Sulfate SO42-
• Sulfite SO32-
• Dichromate Cr2O72-
• Phosphate PO43-

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Creating Ionic Compounds

• How to create ionic compounds
• CAUTION

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Creating Ionic Compounds

• Be careful not to get ide, -ite and ate mixed
• What do I mean?

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WARNING

• Potassium Sulfide K2S
• Potassium Sulfite K2SO3
• Potassium Sulfate K2SO4

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Formula Unit

• ALL SUBSCRIPTS IN AN IONIC COMPOUND MUST BE
  REDUCED TO ITS LOWEST TERMS

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• Please try creating the following compound when
  you come in.
• lutetium (Lu) with zirconium (Zr) ?

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Formula Unit

• Formula Unit Defined
• Formula Unit is the simplest ratio of ions
  found in a compound

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Please Make the Following Compounds

• Potassium Nitrate
• Aluminum Oxide
• Sodium Nitride

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Transitional Metals

• The Fickle Atoms

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Transition Metals

• Transitional metals oxidation numbers will vary,
  they are not predictable
• Two exceptions, memorize them
• Zn2 and Ag

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Transitional Metals

• Cu Chemical Name is Copper(I)
• Cu2 Chemical Name is Copper(II)

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Transitional Metals

• Co2 Chemical Name is Colbalt(II)
• Co3 Chemical Name is Colbalt(III)

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• FeBr3
• Bromines Oxidation Number?
• If there is one iron, what must its oxidation
  number be?
• Iron(III) Bromide

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• Mn2O3
• Manganeses Oxidation Number?
• If there is two oxygens, what must its oxidation
  number be?
• Manganese(III) Oxide

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• Mn2O7
• Manganeses Oxidation Number?
• If there is two oxygens, what must its oxidation
  number be?
• Manganese(VII) Oxide

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Shortcut Does not Work

• CrO
• CuCO3
• MnP

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While We are On the Subject of Compounds

• Hydrates

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Hydrate Demo
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Hydrates

• Many ionic compounds form through a water
  solution
• Water actually becomes part of the ionic compound
  crystal

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Hydrates

• Hydrate Defined
• Hydrate is a compound in which there is a
  specific ratio of water to ionic compound

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Hydrates

• Water molecules are chemically bonded to ionic
  compound
• Some compounds love water!

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Hydrates

• Hygroscopic Defined
• Hygroscopic substances absorb water in the
  atmosphere

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• Deliquescent Defined
• Deliquescent substances that are so hygroscopic
  they become a liquid solution
• Heating a hydrate can drive off the water

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Hydrates

• Anhydrous Defined
• Anhydrous hydrate compound that has all of the
  water removed from it

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• 1 - mono
• 2 - di
• 3 - tri
• 4 - tetra
• 5 - penta

• 6 - hexa
• 7 - hepta
• 8 - octa
• 9 - nona
• 10 - deca

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• Hydrates are known by H20 at the end of the
  compound
• Example MgBr2 6H2O
• Magnesium Bromide Hexahydrate
• Please memorize the prefixes on page 168

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Logistical Compound Naming

• Superscripts
• Subscripts
• Number of each

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Molecular Substance

• Covalent Cousins

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• BAN DIHYDROGEN MONOXIDE! Dihydrogen monoxide is
  colorless, odorless, tasteless, and kills
  uncounted thousands of people every year. Most of
  these deaths are caused by accidental inhalation
  of DHMO, but the dangers of dihydrogen monoxide
  do not end there. Prolonged exposure to its solid
  form causes severe tissue damage. Symptoms of
  DHMO ingestion can include excessive sweating and
  urination, and possibly a bloated feeling,
  nausea, vomiting and body electrolyte imbalance.
  For those who have become dependent, DHMO
  withdrawal means certain death. Dihydrogen
  monoxide
• is also known as hydroxl acid, and is the major
  component of acid rain.
• contributes to the "greenhouse effect."
• may cause severe burns.
• contributes to the erosion of our natural
  landscape.
• accelerates corrosion and rusting of many metals.
  
• may cause electrical failures and decreased
  effectiveness of automobile brakes.
• has been found in excised tumors of terminal
  cancer patients.
• Contamination is reaching epidemic proportions!

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• Quantities of dihydrogen monoxide have been found
  in almost every stream, lake, and reservoir in
  America today. But the pollution is global, and
  the contaminant has even been found in Antarctic
  ice. DHMO has caused millions of dollars of
  property damage in the midwest, and recently
  California. Despite the danger, dihydrogen
  monoxide is often used
• as an industrial solvent and coolant.
• in nuclear power plants.
• in the production of styrofoam.
• as a fire retardant.
• in many forms of cruel animal research.
• in the distribution of pesticides. Even after
  washing, produce remains contaminated by this
  chemical.
• as an additive in certain "junk-foods" and other
  food products.
• Companies dump waste DHMO into rivers and the
  ocean, and nothing can be done to stop them
  because this practice is still legal. The impact
  on wildlife is extreme, and we cannot afford to
  ignore it any longer! The American government
  has refused to ban the production, distribution,
  or use of this damaging chemical due to its
  "importance to the economic health of this
  nation." In fact, the navy and other military
  organizations are conducting experiments with
  DHMO, and designing multi-billion dollar devices
  to control and utilize it during warfare
  situations. Hundreds of military research
  facilities receive tons of it through a highly
  sophisticated underground distribution network.
  Many store large quantities for later use.

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Molecular Substance

• Molecular substance is a substance whose atoms
  are held together by a covalent bond

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Molecular Substance
Diatomic Elements
Molecular Substance
Molecular Substance
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Diatomic Elements

• Some elements in nature covalent bond within
  themselves

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Diatomic Elements

• Diatomic Elements are elements that covalently
  bond with themselves
• Remember the Lockwood-L named after the famous
  Nathaniel Lockwood of FCA

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Lockwood-L
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Lockwood-L
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Diatomic Elements

• Includes
• N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, H2
• Memorize these
• You can refer to them as

The Diatomic Seven
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Allotropes
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Allotropes Changing Structure

• Molecules of a single element can change
  structure or architecture
• Examples

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Charcoal
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Graphite (not lead)
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Allotropes

• Are all allotropes of Carbon
• Same element
• Different structure

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Naming Compounds
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Naming Compounds

• Use the prefixes learned prior on the hydrates
• Drop the beginning of the word and add the prefix

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• Mono is usually omitted in the beginning of a
  molecular compound
• Drop a vowel to simplify
• Monooxygen becomes monoxygen
• Add ide at the end element

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Naming Compounds

• H2S
• SiO2
• CF4
• CO

• Sulfur trioxide
• Dinitrogen trioxide
• Nitrogen oxide
• Carbon tetraiodide