33 Molecules of Life

1
3-3 Molecules of Life
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Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are organic compounds made up of
  carbon, hydrogen and Oxygen
• The ratio of a carbohydrate is about two hydrogen
  to one oxygen and the carbon will vary
• Carbohydrates exist as monosaccharides,
  disaccharides and polysaccharides

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More Carbs

• Monosaccharide or simple sugar is a monomer of
  the carbohydrate with a carbon, hydrogen and
  oxygen ratio of 121
• When two monosaccharides combine in a
  condensation reaction they become a disaccharide
  or double sugar
• A polysaccharide is a complex molecule with three
  or more monosaccharides

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Glucose, fructose and galactose are the most
common monosaccharides but all of their formulas
are C6H12O6 but with different properties making
them isomers
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Carbs Ahoy!

• Animals store sugars as polysaccharide glycogen.
  Glycogen is hundreds of glucose molecules strung
  together.
• Plants store energy as a polysaccharide starch
• Plants also make energy as a polysaccharide
  cellulose which is basically wood

6
Proteins (Finally done with Carbs)

• Proteins are organic compounds composed of mostly
  carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen formed by
  linking monomers
• Amino Acids are monomer building blocks of
  proteins in which there are 20 different kinds

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Amino acids are all the same except for the R
group the group can be simple or complex
changes the shape and function of the protein
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Protein Mania

• When two amino acids bond they become dipeptides
• In a condensation reaction two amino acids form a
  covalent bond called a peptide bond
• The amino acids bond one at a time crating a long
  chain called a polypeptide
• Proteins consist of one or more polypeptides
  which can be changed by outside conditions

9
Break It Down

• Enzymes are mostly proteins
• A substrate, the reactant being catalyzed reacts
  with an enzyme
• The enzyme changes shape with the substrate and
  weakens chemical bonds, reducing activation
  energy
• The enzyme is unchanged and can be used many more
  times
• The temperature or pH can change the shape of the
  enzyme and substrate so the reaction cannot occur

10
Lipids

• Lipids are large, nonpolar organic molecules that
  do not dissolve in water and have a higher ratio
  of carbon chains
• Fatty Acids are unbranched carbon chains that
  make up most lipids with a carboxyl group (-COOH)
  attached to one end

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Lipids Polarity

• The Carboxyl end is polar which makes the it
  attracted to water molecules making it
  hydrophilic or water loving
• The hydrocarbon end is nonpolar and doesnt
  interact with water molecules making it
  hydrophobic or water fearing

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Saturation

• When the carbon atom is covalently bonded to four
  other atoms it becomes full or saturated fatty
  acid
• When the carbon atom for double bonds with other
  carbon atoms it is unsaturated fatty acid

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Lipid Classification- Triglycerides

• Triglycerides are composed of three molecules of
  fatty acids and joined to one molecule of alcohol
  glycerol
• Saturated triglycerides are composed of saturated
  fatty acids and are solid at room temperature
• Unsaturated triglycerides are composed of
  unsaturated fatty acids and are a liquid at room
  temperature

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Phospholipids

• Phospholipids have two rather than three fatty
  acids joined by a molecule of glycerol
• A lipid bilayer is two layer of phospholipids in
  the cell membrane which makes an effective
  barrier for cells

15
Waxes and Steroids

• Wax is a structural lipid consisting of a long
  fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain
• Waxes are highly waterproof and forms a
  protective coating on plants and animals.
• Steroids are composed of four fused carbon rings
  with various functional groups attached to them
• Many animals hormones are a steroid compound as
  with cholesterol

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Nucleic Acid

• Nucleic Acids are very large and complex organic
  molecules that store important information in the
  cell
• Nucleic acids are a sequence of four compounds to
  store hereditary information
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid or DNA contains information
  that is essential for almost all cell activities

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Nucleic Acid Cont.

• Ribonucleic Acid or RNA stores information that
  is essential for manufacturing proteins
• DNA and RNA are polymers composed of thousands of
  linked monomers called nucleotides
• Each nucleotide is made of three main components
  a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar and a
  ring-shaped nitrogen base. The nitrogen base is
  the object that changes the info.