Prsentation PowerPoint

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Plant Biotechnology situation and perspectives
at INRA Frédéric Gaymard and Christian Boucher
Russian-french conference "Problems and
perspectives in Plant Biotechnology. October
21-24, 2008 Novosibirsk, Russia
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The Scientific Direction Plant and Plant
Products Head François Houllier Research
Divisions Plant Biology Head Loïc Lepiniec,
deputy Frédéric Gaymard Plant Breeding and
Genetic Head Hélène Lucas, deputies Alain
Charcosset, Michel Renard Plant Health and
Environnement Head Olivier Le Gall, deputies
Christian Boucher, Didier Andrivon, Jean-Yves
Rasplus
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Challenges and priorities in plant sciences

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Major challenges for plant sciences at INRA

• Strategic challenges related to major
  environmental changes (climate change,
  biodiversity erosion) and global transitions
  (demography, diet, energy and chemistry)
• To satisfy, in quantity, quality and sanitary
  security, the increasing demand for plant
  products for food, for feed, for fiber, for
  energy
• To reduce the environmental footprint of
  agriculture and to foster the development of
  agriculture-based ecological services
• To adapt production systems to climate change and
  to the associated hazards and risks
• Challenge driven by the development of high
  throughput technologies in life and environmental
  sciences
• To understand the organization, functioning and
  dynamics of complex and multilevel systems(e.g.
  to integrate data from molecular and cellular
  levels to plant levels)

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Some priorities for plant sciences at INRA

• To design and evaluate integrated cropping
  systems
• With the goal to reach new trade-offs between
  crop productivity, quality, and sustainability
  (e.g. reduction of environmental and energetic
  footprint)
• To explore biomass production and/or
  transformation systems for non food uses
• Novel uses of existing plants and crops
• Developing the bio-refinery concept
• Designing new plants and cropping systems
  (including life cycle and environmental footprint
  analysis)
• To understand plant pests / pathogens /
  symbionts interactions and systems
• With specific goals of designing plants that are
  durably resistant to pathogens and controlling
  the outbreak of invasive species and emerging
  diseases

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Some priorities for plant sciences at INRA

• To conserve and utilize the genetic resources of
  domesticated species as well as of the related
  wild species
• To develop systematics and evolutionary biology,
  with a focus on plant pests and pathogens
• To develop integrative and systems biology
• new modeling and bioinformatics approaches for
  integrating data and knowledge
• To contribute to the development of epigenetics
• To explore and develop the potential and limits
  of various alternative biotechnological avenues
• taking all facets into account (biotechnology,
  ecology, agronomy, social sciences, )
• developing comparative approaches

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GENERAL CONTEXT OF OUR RESEARCH

• KNOWLEDGE
• DEVELOPMENT
• -gene discovery
• natural diversity
• -systems biology

BREEDERS, FARMERS -genes, markers -diagnostic
tools -varieties
1- Improve water and mireral use
efficiency More yield, lower fertilization 2-
Improve plant health and resistance to
pest Improve yield, decrease the use of
pesticides 3- Improve plant products nutritional
quality 4- Improve plant growth and biomass
production seed germination,faster plant
development, plant architecture
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The Division of Plant Biology 4 Research
Fields RF1 Genome dynamics and expression RF2
Morphogenesis and architecture RF 3 Reproductive
organs and reproduction RF 4 responses of plants
to biotic stress and metabolism
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RF1 Genome dynamics and expression
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RF2 Morphogenesis and architecture
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RF2 Morphogenesis and architecture
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RF 3 Reproductive organs and reproduction
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RF 4 responses of plants to biotic stress and
metabolism
Manipulating metabolism example of tocopherol
Overexpression of the yeast prephenate
dehydrogenase together with Arabidopsis
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase in tobacco
Plant resistant to DKN
Plant with 10 times more vitamin E
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Missions of the Plant Breeding and
GeneticsDivison

• Understanding, analysing and managing the
  biodiversity of species of agronomic interest and
  of related species
• Deciphering the genomes of plant species and
  their functions
• Developing methods and concepts for creating
  plant material
• Anticipating and assessing the impact of new
  varieties. Proposing management guidelines for
  their use

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Vegetative development, plant architecture and
flowering
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Biology of reproduction, recombination
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Development of grain and fruit, construction of
quality components
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Tolerance to abiotic constraints
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Missions of the Plant Health and
EnvironmentDivision

• Functional genomics and Integrative biology of
  biotic interactions between plants and their
  bioagressors and symbiontes
• Characterization of species and populations of
  organisms associated with cultivated plants
  Mechanisms of epidemy development
• Ecology of agrosystems associated communities
  Consequence of the evolution of agricultural
  practices.
• Strategies and management of biological
  constraints in agro-ecosystèms

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Missions of the Plant Health and
EnvironmentDivision

• Functional genomics and Integrative biology of
  biotic interactions between plants and their
  bioagressors and symbiontes
• Characterization of species and populations of
  organisms associated with cultivated plants
  Mechanisms of epidemy development
• Ecology of agrosystems associated communities
  Consequence of the evolution of agricultural
  practices.
• Strategies and management of biological
  constraints in agro-ecosystems

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Plant Health and Environment Division

• Functional genomics and Integrative biology of
  biotic interactions between plants and their
  bioagressors and symbiontes
• Pathogens Virus, Bacteria, Fungi and Nematodes
• Identify pest weapons
• Identify the plant mechanisms which govern pest
  recognition and plant defense
• Symbiontes Rhizobia and Mycorhiza
• Identify Microbial functions governing the
  interactions
• Identify the plant mechanisms leading to
  efficient symbiosis
• Beneficial antagonistic interactions
• Effect of soil microflora against Pathogens
• Environmental services of soil microflora

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Developping plants resistant to Root-knot
nematodes Meloidogyne spp.
Feeding structure giant cells
Essential for nematode development
Microtubule-Associated Protein MAP65-3
Is required to promote disease development and
Induced early in giant cells

map65-3 KO mutants defective in giant cell
formation
nematode death
Caillaud et al 2008 IBSV
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Identification of bacterial effectors and of
their plant targets As a mean to develop
resistant plants
Wild-type
Target deficient mutant
Ralstonia solanacearum
Angot et al., PNAS (2006) 103 14620-14625)
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PA1b Pea Albumin 1 subunit b, a new entomotoxic
protein
Purification of a peptide named PA1b from Pisum
sativum (pea) seeds, letal for cereal weevils
(Sitophilus genus)
37 aa, 5 Pro, 6 Cys, 3 disulfide bridges PA1b is
a cystine-knot PA1b has a high affinity binding
site in many sensitive insects
Expression of the PA1 gene in rice The PA1b
peptide is present in transgenic rice
seeds Partial protection against weevils
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Transgenic trees resistant to Sharka
Susceptible C-6 HoneySweet
Virus disease (plum pox virus) No cure neither
treatment
Transgenic expressing viral coat protein
Field tested in Spain, Poland, and Romania and
developped in US and Canada
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Grapevine resistant to Grapevine fanleaf virus
Transgenic rootstock expressing the GFLV capsid
protein. Plantation in 2005. Evaluation in
progress
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Future prospects Increase study of biodiversity
in cultivated and related wild type species
(constitution of collections) for new characters
discovery Develop new markers for Marker
Assisted Selection Develop the use of GMO for
research purpose, and as a new biotechnology
tool, taking into account all partners private
companies, agronomists, environmentalists,
farmers and consummers
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Thank you for your attention
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RF1 Genome dynamics and expression
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RF 3 Reproductive organs and reprduction