20th Century Asia

1

• 20th Century Asia
• Part 1- India

2
Section One - India
Aryans in India

• Around 1500 BC, Aryans arrived on the Indian
  Subcontinent.
• The Aryans greatly influenced the region. Their
  language, called Sanskrit, was the foundation for
  several languages in S. Asia.
• Aryans mixed with Indians already in the region
  and formed the beginnings of the Hindu religion.

3
Powerful empires ruled India for much of its
history. The first was the Mughal Empire.

• Established in 1526 and led by Babur (BAH-boohr)
• Akbar became one of Indias greatest leaders, and
  trade greatly increased.
• There was a high demand for Indian goods like
  spices and tea.

4
The British come to India

• As the Mughal Empire declined, England rose to
  power.
• In the 1600s, The English established trade with
  India. Demand for goods like cotton and sugar was
  very high.
• The East India Trading Company (a British trading
  company) was granted valuable trading rights. The
  company founded the major cities of

• MADRAS
• CALCUTTA
• BOMBAY

5

• By the 1850s, the East India Company controlled
  almost all of India.
• The British monarch appointed an official called
  a viceroy to govern the companys territory in
  India.
• Under its indirect rule, the British imposed
  harsh taxes and land reforms on Indian farmers.
• The worked hard to take away the Indian languages
  and traditions.
• It was mostly the upper Indian classes who
  benefited from the British as they were the
  landowners. (which class would that be in the
  caste system?)
• They sent their kids to British schools.
• The peasants became increasingly poorer.
• Population increases strained food supplies and
  widespread famines often made conditions
  desperate.

6
The British Colonize India

• Under British control, Indians were treated as
  second-class citizens in their own country.
• By the late 1800s, many Indians began to
• question the intentions of the British.
• A group of Indians created the Indian
• National Congress.
• More and more Indians began to
• demand independence from Britain.

7
Before India became an independent country,
Tensions between Hindus and Muslims began to
rise
Indias Muslims were afraid they would not have a
say in the new government, once Britain granted
independence. To avoid a civil war, the British
government agreed to the partition of India.
(this means that India was divided) In 1947,
India gained independence, and the country of
Pakistan was formed for Muslims. About 10
million people crossed the border into
Pakistan. Soon after these 2 countries were
formed, other countries in the region gained
their independence from Britain as well.
8
Mohandas Gandhi
A man named Mohandas Gandhi led the Indian
Independence movement. His strategy of
non-violent protest convinced millions of Indians
to support independence. He used fasts, peaceful
protest marches, and boycotts of British
goods. India was finally granted independence
from Britain in 1947. Ghandi was the most
important leader of the Indian Independence
movement, and is still famous today.
9
India since independence
Population more than 1 billion people. The huge
population growth has put a strain on Indias
environment and many of its resources including
food, housing, and schools. Urbanization, the
increase in the percentage of people who live in
cities, has taken place. Millions of people have
moved to Indias cities for jobs. Poverty-
Indias government works continuously to reduce
poverty. In the 1960s and 1970s India started the
Green Revolution. This program encouraged farmers
to use modern agricultural methods in order to
help produce more food. Government worlds
largest Democracy. India still struggles for
peace with its neighbor, Pakistan. Economics
Many high tech businesses have become established
in India. Entertainment is a major industry as
well. Its large film industry is located in
Mumbai, which is also known as Bombay. This area
is often referred to as Bollywood, and produces
more films every year than any other country-
including the United States!
10
India and Pakistan

• since independence both countries have continued
  to fight.
• they have fought in 3 major wars, mostly over
  Kashmir
• when India was divided, 1 million people lost
  their lives
• in 1998 both countries successfully tested atomic
  bombs which angered the rest of the world.
• Pakistan and India fought again in 1999 in Kashmir

11
Indias Government Economic System

• Indias government operates as a federal
  republic.
• Power is divided between the national and state
  governments.
• The central government has three branches
  executive, legislative, and judicial.
• The executive branch consists of the president,
  vice president, prime minister, and the Council
  of Ministers.
• Indias Parliament is bicameral (has two houses).
• The president serves as the chief of state and
  acts as the nations chief representative.
• Most of the real power rests with the prime
  minister.
• Prime minister - leader of the government and
  Indias top official.
• The leader of the majority party in parliament
  serves as the prime minister.
• The Council of Ministers serves as the PMs body
  of advisors.

12

• In recent years, India has moved away from a
  command economy to a market economy.
• Poverty has decreased and more middle-class
  consumers exist in India than ever before.
• Better health care, more public services,
  improved education and a higher literacy rate
  have accompanied the economic improvements.
• The currency of India is the Rupee.

13
Part II Japan
14
War with the US

• On Dec. 7th, 1941, the Japanese launched a
  surprise attack on the US bases in the Pacific at
  Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
• The Japanese also struck at the Europeans in SE
  Asia
• The Japanese invaded many areas at first, but
  after the US recovered, they were in for a long
  war, which they could not handle.
• In 1945, Japan armies were defeated in the
  Pacific and its home islands blockaded and under
  attack, Japan prepared for an all out invasion by
  US forces

15

• For approximately four years, the United States
  fought battles in Europe, North Africa, and the
  Pacific region.
• Despite great loses in men and equipment, Japan
  continued to fight savagely.
• US fighter pilots also fought on the side of the
  Chinese of which they called themselves the
  Fighting Tigers.
• The US flew supplies over the Himalayas to help
  the Nationalist Chinese fight against Japan.
• One by one, the US began recapturing islands from
  the Japanese.
• The US became convinced that only a direct
  invasion of Japan would lead to an end to the
  war.
• The US estimated that it would lose 1 million men
  in the invasion.

16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
I hear that the enemy is boasting of his demand
for unconditional surrender of Japan.
Unconditional surrender means that our national
structure and our people will be destroyed.
Against such boastful talk there is only one
measure we must take, to fight to the last. Pr.
Suzuki, 6/09/1945
21
Testing of the Atomic Bomb.
22
(No Transcript)
23
The Japanese Emperor was warned of utter
destruction if no surrender. There was no
response, and so the first Atomic Bomb was
dropped on Hiroshima. 140,000 die.
24
We are in possession of the most destructive
explosive ever devised by man. A single one of
our newly developed atomic bombs is actually the
equivalent in explosive power to what 2000 of our
giant B-29s can carry on a single mission. This
awful fact is one for you to ponder and we
solemnly assure you it is grimly accurate. We
have just begun to use this weapon against your
homeland. If you still have any doubt, make
inquiry as to what happened to Hiroshima we ask
that you now petition the Emperor to end the war.
Our president has outlined for you the thirteen
consequences of an honorable surrender.
25

• On August 6, 1945, the U.S. dropped an Atomic
  Bomb on the city of Hiroshima, Japan.
• On August 7, 1945, the U.S. demanded Japan
  surrender immediately and unconditionally.
• On August 9, 1945, the U.S. dropped a second
  Atomic Bomb on Nagasaki, Japan.

26
August 15, 1945- Emperor Hirohito orders
surrender.
27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
(No Transcript)
30
Postwar Japan

• The Allies, under the command of US General
  Douglas MacArthur, oversaw Japan and the drafting
  of a new constitution after WWII.
• The new constitution established a democratic
  government, reduced the size of Japans military
  to a defensive force, and allowed for a modified
  version of the emperor.
• It also guaranteed certain human rights and
  extended women the right to vote.
• In 1951, Japan became independent again.
• However, it kept a close relationship with the
  US.
• The US poured lots of money into rebuilding Japan
  and helped it grow economically.
• Today, Japan is one of the wealthiest and
  economically strongest nations in the world.

31

• Another part of the reconstruction took place
  when Japan made a new Constitution in which they
  gave their citizens rights.
• Women were granted the right to vote, and the
  emperor was officially removed from politics and
  instead permanently banished to the status symbol
  of the country.
• It also abolished a formal state endorsed
  religion and other religions like Christianity
  were openly practiced.
• A clause was also put into their constitution
  which banned Japan from having any sort of armed
  military forces. This ban was lifted after Allied
  occupation ended.

32
Lets Review!

• WWII ended because the U.S. dropped atomic bombs
  on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.
• When WWII ended, The United States assisted Japan
  in rebuilding. We helped to form a new
  government, and strengthen their economy.
• Japans strong economy is due to their highly
  trained workforce.