Title: Marine Sand Mining in Korea : Status and Challenges
1Marine Sand Mining in Korea Status and
Challenges
- Dr. Dong Oh Cho
- Korea Maritime Institute
- Demand and Supply for Marine Sand
- Status of Marine Sand Management System
- Major Issues of Marine Sand Mining
- Challenges to Sustainable Development of Marine
Sand
2I. Demand and Supply for Marine Sand
- Production of marine sand and gravel (million ?)
Source Adapted from Harrison, 2003
- Europe Marine sand mining since last four
decades - Korea Recently
3- Shares by aggregate sources()
4II. Status of Marine Sand Management System
- Development System
- Relevant Law Aggregate Mining Law
- Relevant Gov. Plan
- Long term Basic Plan of Demand Supply for
Aggregate (04-08) - Annual Annual Plan of Demand and Supply for
Aggregate - Role of Government
- Central Gov (MOCT) Planning, Forecasting,
Coordinating - Local Governments Registration and Permits
5- Trend of number of registered mining companies
6- Sand mining in the coastal water of Ong-Jin local
government
7- Conservation System
- Relevant Law Natural Environment Conservation
Act, Marine Pollution Prevention Act, Public
Water Management Act, Environment Impact
Assessment Act - Relevant Gov. Plan None
- Relevant Government MOMAF and MOE
- Criteria for Marine Environment Impact Assessment
None
8III. Major Issues of Marine Sand Mining
- Governments Viewpoint of Sand Demand
- Trend of Share of Construction Industry to GDP
(million US)
9- Construction industry
- For living houses, apartments, buildings, etc
- For economy and population dissipation lands
for new cities and industrial complexes - For infrastructures for economic development
roads, bridges, ports, dams and dikes, etc - Demand for sand not control and invariable
- Supply for sand manageable
- Per capita aggregate consumption
- Korea 8.5 tons
- U.S., Germany, France 7.0 tons
- England and Wales 3.6 tons
10- Conservation System
- Noted as conservation system
- Some important requirements for a marine dredging
license in Europe
Location and size of the dredging area Time
limits of the license (e.g. 2 years in the
Netherlands, 25 years in the UK) Total tonnage
permitted, extraction rate Minimum water depth
for extraction Minimum distance from the
shoreline Zero effect on shoreline
stability Retention of seabed substrate of
specified composition and thickness Minimum
effect on fisheries Accurate navigational
standards on the dredger Specified program of
monitoring dredging operations, including
environmental monitoring
Source Harrison, 2003
11- Economic Incentive for Sand Mining
- Local government 10 percent of the total sales
amount of sand from the mining firms - Mining companies Not paying for marine
environment damage
12IV. Challenges to Sustainable Development of
Marine Sand
- Recognition of Value of Marine Sand
- Resources of aggregate in Korea
13Coastal erosion in the beach of Eeilae on the
Seungbong Island in the west coast
14Coastal erosion in the beach of Seopori on the
Dukjeok Island in the west coast
15Coastal erosion in the beach of Seopori on the
Dukjeok Island in the west coast.
16- Habitat Degradation
- Differences of fishery products between the
period of pre-mining and post-mining in the area
of Dukjeok Island -
(Unit ton)
Source Han, 2004.
17- Challenge from the Public
- Voice of Fishermen and NGOs
- Most of coastal local governments prohibit sand
mining - in the coastal waters
18- Lawsuit case 1
- Aug. 2002/Busan High Court
- Plaintiff 141 fishermen NGOs in Tong-Young
City - Defendant Busan New Port Authority
- Suspension of Sand Mining Loss of fishery
production, - habitat degradation, right of fishery
- Results Plaintiff lost the case due to lack of
proof - Effects Kyungsangnam-Do Province, City of
Tongyoung, Congress of City of Tongyoung declared
official objection against sand mining.
19- Lawsuit case 2
- Aug. 2004/Kwang-Joo Regional Court
- Plaintiff Dredging Company Results Lost the
case due to lack of proof - Defendant Young-Gwang local government
- Resumption of sand mining local government
prohibited sand mining due to loss of production
and habitat degradation - Results Plaintiff won the case
20- Challenge from the Government
- Natural Environment Conservation Act (1999)
- MOE in charge of preservation of natural
resources - MOMAF in charge of marine natural resources
- Criteria for Evaluation of Marine Environment
Impact - Long-term Monitoring and Research
- U.S. MMS Study, 8million since 1992
- Cost for Environment Damage
- Mining on EEZ
21Thanks for listening